Journals / Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları / 2026 / Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

The Argumentativity of the Philosophical-Theological Dispute between Humans and Animals in the Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ: A Systematic Analysis of Five Argumentation Types

İhvân es-Safâ Risâlelerinde İnsan ile Hayvanlar Arasındaki Felsefî-Teolojik Tartışmanın Argümantatifliği: Beş Argümantasyon Türünün Sistematik Bir Analizi

Serkan İnce(Tübingen Üniversitesi)0000-0002-8839-0394
Pages
26–55
Publication Date
2026-09-25
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Thereby, the determination of an 'unhappy ending' in the literature is brought to a precise logical diagnosis, and the position of the epistle within the Kalām tradition is made distinct at the argumentative level.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:The philosophical dispute between humans and animals in Epistle 22 of the Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ has usually been studied for its content, that is, for its animal ethics, its theology, and its literary artistry.
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Key Findings & Data:These are (1) Qurʾān-based interpretive argumentation, (2) deductive argumentation based on physical form, (3) ethical argumentation grounded in moral responsibility and the concept of khilāfa, (4) argumentation from human sciences, arts, and civilization, and (5) argumentation from prophets, saints, and spiritual excellence.
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Conclusion & Impact:Thereby, the determination of an 'unhappy ending' in the literature is brought to a precise logical diagnosis, and the position of the epistle within the Kalām tradition is made distinct at the argumentative level.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:İhvân Es-Safâ · Argümantasyon Teorisi · Kelâm

Abstract

The philosophical dispute between humans and animals in Epistle 22 of the Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ has usually been studied for its content, that is, for its animal ethics, its theology, and its literary artistry. Its argumentative form, the logical structure, validity, and adjudication of the proofs exchanged before the King of the Jinn, has not been examined systematically. This article addresses that gap. Drawing on the epistemological theory of argumentation, it identifies five types of argumentation in the trial. These are (1) Qurʾān-based interpretive argumentation, (2) deductive argumentation based on physical form, (3) ethical argumentation grounded in moral responsibility and the concept of khilāfa, (4) argumentation from human sciences, arts, and civilization, and (5) argumentation from prophets, saints, and spiritual excellence. For each type, the arguments advanced by both parties are formally reconstructed in premise-conclusion form and evaluated. The classification criteria and the internal consistency of the typology are made explicit, and the epistle’s modes of proof are compared with the methodology of classical kalām, including the naqlī/ʿaqlī division of evidence, the disputational figures of ilzām and muʿāraḍa, and the Muʿtazilī debate on animal suffering and divine compensation, together with the Ashʿarī counter-position on divine obligation. The epistle is not a Kalām text in the traditional sense, yet it can be analyzed from a Kalām perspective on account of its argumentative practice. The animals prevail in four of the five exchanges. The single human argument that gains acknowledgment abandons the claim of universal human superiority in favour of an existential claim about a uniquely human capacity for spiritual perfection realized by prophets and saints. Since no relation of mastery follows from this capacity claim, the verdict that closes the trial exceeds what the arguments establish. Thereby, the determination of an 'unhappy ending' in the literature is brought to a precise logical diagnosis, and the position of the epistle within the Kalām tradition is made distinct at the argumentative level.

Özet

Resâilü İhvâni’s-Safâ’nın 22. risâlesinde sunulan insan-hayvan davası (“Cinlerin Kralı Önünde Hayvanların İnsanlara Karşı Davası”) üzerine mevcut literatür, metni ağırlıklı olarak hayvan etiği, teolojik muhteva ve edebî kurgu açısından ele almıştır. Yakın dönem araştırmalarında risâlenin insan lehine sonuçlanan bitişi, modern hayvan hakları okumalarına karşı bir “mutsuz son” olarak yorumlanmış; mahkeme kurgusu ise, İhvân’ın insan üstünlüğünü esasen veri kabul eden öğretisi dikkate alınarak edebî bir araç olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Buna karşılık metnin argümantatif formu, yani mahkemede ileri sürülen delillerin mantıksal yapısı, geçerliliği ve nihai hükümle ilişkisi bugüne kadar sistematik biçimde incelenmemiştir. Bu makale söz konusu boşluğu doldurmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın yöntemi, epistemolojik argümantasyon teorisine dayanan analitik-sistematik formel yeniden inşadır. Makale metinde beş argümantasyon türü tespit etmektedir. Bunlar sırasıyla (1) Kur’an temelli yorumcu argümantasyon, (2) fiziksel forma dayalı tümdengelimsel argümantasyon, (3) ahlaki sorumluluk ve hilâfet kavramına dayanan etik argümantasyon, (4) bilim, sanat ve medeniyete dayalı argümantasyon ve (5) peygamberler, velîler ve manevî yetkinliğe dayalı argümantasyondur. Her tür için tarafların argümanları öncül-sonuç formunda yeniden kurulmakta, tipolojinin sınıflandırma ölçütleri ve iç tutarlılığı açıkça tartışılmakta ve metindeki delillendirme biçimleri klasik kelâm metodolojisiyle (naklî/aklî delil ayrımı, delil kavramı, ilzâm ve muâraza figürleri, Mu’tezilî ve Eş’arî delillendirme tarzları) karşılaştırılmaktadır. Risâle klasik anlamda bir kelâm metni değildir; fakat delillendirme pratiği bakımından kelâmî bir bakışla ele alınmaya elverişlidir. Hayvanlar beş tartışmanın dördünde üstün gelmekte; insanların kabul gören tek argümanı ise genel insan üstünlüğü iddiasından, peygamberler ve velîlerde gerçekleşen manevî yetkinlik kapasitesine ilişkin varoluşsal bir iddiaya geçmektedir. Bu kapasite iddiasından efendilik-kölelik ilişkisi mantıksal olarak çıkmadığı için mahkemenin hükmü, kanıtlanan sonucu aşmaktadır. Böylece literatürdeki “mutsuz son” tespiti kesin bir mantıksal teşhise kavuşturulmakta ve risâlenin kelâm geleneği içindeki yeri argümantatif düzeyde belirginleştirilmektedir.

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Cite This Article

İnce, S. (2026). The Argumentativity of the Philosophical-Theological Dispute between Humans and Animals in the Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ: A Systematic Analysis of Five Argumentation Types. Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 26–55. https://ajindex.com/articles/1167905

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