SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi / 2024 / Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2

BVDV INFECTIONS IN CATTLE

SIĞIRLARDA BVDV ENFEKSİYONLARI

Gizem Karadağ(İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ-CERRAHPAŞA, VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-3748-8874
Aysun Yilmaz(İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa, Veteriner Fakültesi, Viroloji Anabilim Dalı)0000-0001-6828-2460
Pages
181–192
Publication Date
2025-01-03
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Therefore, this review provides information on the current status and developments regarding BVDV infections.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), also known as Pestivirus infections, is a viral disease that causes significant economic losses to investors and farmers, particularly in the dairy cattle industry.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Since its first identification in 1946, BVDV has been found to have various genotypes and subgenotypes, discovered by many researchers both in Turkey and globally, and continues to affect cattle health.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Therefore, this review provides information on the current status and developments regarding BVDV infections.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus · BVD · Pestivirus

Abstract

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), also known as Pestivirus infections, is a viral disease that causes significant economic losses to investors and farmers, particularly in the dairy cattle industry. Since its first identification in 1946, BVDV has been found to have various genotypes and subgenotypes, discovered by many researchers both in Turkey and globally, and continues to affect cattle health. Although there have been few studies on protection and control methods in Turkey, and despite the implementation of various eradication programs in other countries, challenges in controlling BVDV persist. Therefore, this review provides information on the current status and developments regarding BVDV infections.

Özet

Bovine Viral Diyare Virus (BVDV) olarak da bilinen Pestivirus infeksiyonları, günümüzde özellikle süt sığırcılığı endüstrisinde yatırımcı ve yetiştiriciler için ağır ekonomik kayıplara sebep olan viral bir hastalıktır. İlk defa ilan edildiği 1946 yılından bugüne dek gerek Türkiye’de gerekse Dünya’da birçok farklı araştırmacı tarafından farklı genotip ve subgenotipleri olduğu keşfedilen BVDV hala sığır sağlığını etkilemektedir. Ülkemizde koruma ve kontrol yöntemlerine dair çok fazla çalışma olmamasına karşın, farklı ülkelerde çeşitli eradikasyon programları uygulanmaktadır. Fakat buna rağmen BVDV kontrolünde sorunlar devam etmektedir. Bu nedenle bu derlemede BVDV infeksiyonlarındaki son durum ve gelişmeler hakkında bilgiler sunuldu.

🔖

Cite This Article

Karadağ, G., Yilmaz, A. (2025). BVDV INFECTIONS IN CATTLE. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 181–192. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.1596362

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (76)

  1. Al-Kubati, A. A. G., Hussen, J., Kandeel, M., Al-Mubarak, A. I. A., and Hemida, M. G. (2021). Recent Advances on the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Molecular Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Vaccines Development [Review]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8(475). https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.665128
  2. Anonim. (2022). Yurt İçinde Canlı Hayvan ve Hayvansal Ürünlerin Nakilleri Hakkında Yönetmelik. Erişim adresi: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/yonetmelik/7.5.15603.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 04.09.2024
  3. Anonim. (2023). Visual Taxonomy Browser. Erişim adresi: ictv.global/taxonomy/visual-browser. Erişim tarihi: 12.09.2024
  4. Baumbach, L. F., Mósena, A. C. S., Alves, R. S., Camargo, L. J., Olegário, J. C., Lobraico, L. R., Costa, J. M. N., Borba, M. R., Bauermann, F. V., Weber, M. N., and Canal, C. W. (2023). HoBi-like Pestivirus Is Highly Prevalent in Cattle Herds in the Amazon Region (Northern Brazil). Viruses, 15(2), 453. https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/2/453
  5. Behrens, S. E., Grassmann, C. W., Thiel, H. J., Meyers, G., and Tautz, N. (1998). Characterization of an autonomous subgenomic pestivirus RNA replicon. J Virol, 72(3), 2364-2372. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.3.2364-2372.1998
  6. Benavides, B., Casal, J., Diéguez, J., Yus, E., Moya, S., and Allepuz, A. (2021). Quantitative risk assessment of introduction of BVDV and BoHV-1 through indirect contacts based on implemented biosecurity measures in dairy farms of Spain. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 188(105263).
  7. Broaddus, C., Lamm, C., Kapil, S., Dawson, L., and Holyoak, G. (2009). Bovine viral diarrhea virus abortion in goats housed with persistently infected cattle. Veterinary Pathology, 46(1), 45-53.
  8. Brownlie, J. (1990). Pathogenesis of mucosal disease and molecular aspects of bovine virus diarrhoea virus. Vet Microbiol, 23(1-4), 371-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(90)90169-v
  9. Brownlie, J., Clarke, M., Howard, C., and Pocock, D. (1987). Pathogenesis and epidemiology of bovine virus diarrhoea virus infection of cattle. Annales de Recherches Veterinaires, Liége.
  10. Cagirgan, A. A., Kaplan, M., Pekmez, K., Van Schalkwyk, A., Arslan, F., and Timurkan, M. O. (2022). The status of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in western Türkiye: detection of three subtypes. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(6), 709.
  11. Chi, S., Chen, S., Jia, W., He, Y., Ren, L., and Wang, X. (2022). Non-structural proteins of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Virus Genes, 58(6), 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-022-01914-8
  12. de la Concha-Bermejillo, A., and Romano, J. (2021). Pregnancy loss in cattle. Clinical Theriogenology, 13(3), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.58292/ct.v13.9334
  13. Depner, K., Bauer, T., and Liess, B. (1992). Thermal and pH stability of pestiviruses. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 11(3), 885-893.
  14. Deregt, D., and Loewen, K. G. (1995). Bovine viral diarrhea virus: biotypes and disease. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 36(6), 371.
  15. Evans, C. A., Lanyon, S. R., Sims, S. K., and Reichel, M. P. (2015). Reproductive performance in experimentally BVDV infected ewes and seroconversion rates in sheep co-mingled with BVDV PI calves. Small Ruminant Research, 123(2-3), 314-319.
  16. Evans, C. A., and Reichel, M. P. (2021). Non-bovine species and the risk to effective control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle. Pathogens, 10(10), 1263.
  17. Ferreira, J. S., Baccili, C. C., Nemoto, B. S., Vieira, F. K., Sviercoski, L. M., Ienk, T., Pagno, J. T., and Gomes, V. (2024). Biosecurity practices in the dairy farms of southern Brazil. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, 1326688.
  18. Flores, E. F., Ridpath, J. F., Weiblen, R., Vogel, F. S., and Gil, L. H. (2002). Phylogenetic analysis of Brazilian bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV-2) isolates: evidence for a subgenotype within BVDV-2. Virus research, 87(1), 51-60.
  19. Goga, I., Berxholi, K., Hulaj, B., Sylejmani, D., Yakobson, B., and Stram, Y. (2014). Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolates in Kosovo. Vet Ital, 50(1), 69-72. https://doi.org/10.12834/VetIt.1304.11
  20. Goto, Y., Yaegashi, G., Fukunari, K., and Suzuki, T. (2021). Clinical Analysis for Long-Term Sporadic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Transmitted by Calves with an Acute Infection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2. Viruses, 13(4), 621. https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/4/621
  21. Grooms, D. L. (2004). Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 20(1), 5-19.
  22. Gunn, H. (1993). Role of fomites and flies in the transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus. The Veterinary Record, 132(23), 584-585.
  23. Harms, P. W., Frankel, T. L., Moutafi, M., Rao, A., Rimm, D. L., Taube, J. M., Thomas, D., Chan, M. P., and Pantanowitz, L. (2023). Multiplex immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence: a practical update for pathologists. Modern Pathology, 36(7), 100197.
  24. Hoe, F., and Ruegg, P. L. (2006). Opinions and practices of Wisconsin dairy producers about biosecurity and animal well-being. Journal of dairy science, 89(6), 2297-2308.
  25. Iqbal, M., Flick-Smith, H., and McCauley, J. W. (2000). Interactions of bovine viral diarrhoea virus glycoprotein Erns with cell surface glycosaminoglycans. Journal of General Virology, 81(2), 451-459.
  26. Kapli, P., Yang, Z., and Telford, M. J. (2020). Phylogenetic tree building in the genomic age. Nature Reviews Genetics, 21(7), 428-444.
  27. Kelling, C. L. (2004). Evolution of bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 20(1), 115-129.
  28. Khodakaram-Tafti, A., and Farjanikish, G. H. (2017). Persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in cattle herds. Iran J Vet Res, 18(3), 154-163.
  29. Klemens, O., Dubrau, D., and Tautz, N. (2015). Characterization of the determinants of NS2-3-independent virion morphogenesis of pestiviruses. Journal of virology, 89(22), 11668-11680.
  30. Kniazeff, A., Huck, R., Jarrett, W., Pritchard, W., Ramsey, F., Schipper, I., Stober, M., and Liess, B. (1961). Anti-genic relationship of some bovine viral diarrhoea-mucosal disease viruses from the United States, Great Britain, and West Germany. Veterinary Record, 73, 768–769.
  31. Kokkonos, K. G., Fossat, N., Nielsen, L., Holm, C., Hepkema, W. M., Bukh, J., and Scheel, T. K. H. (2020). Evolutionary selection of pestivirus variants with altered or no microRNA dependency. Nucleic Acids Research, 48(10), 5555-5571. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa300
  32. Krey, T., Himmelreich, A., Heimann, M., Menge, C., Thiel, H.-J. r., Maurer, K., and Rümenapf, T. (2006). Function of bovine CD46 as a cellular receptor for bovine viral diarrhea virus is determined by complement control protein 1. Journal of virology, 80(8), 3912-3922.
  33. Lackner, T., Muller, A., Pankraz, A., Becher, P., Thiel, H.-J., Gorbalenya, A., and Tautz, N. (2004). Temporal modulation of an autoprotease is crucial for replication and pathogenicity of an RNA virus. Journal of virology, 78(19), 10765-10775.
  34. Lanyon, S. R., Hill, F. I., Reichel, M. P., and Brownlie, J. (2014). Bovine viral diarrhoea: pathogenesis and diagnosis. The Veterinary Journal, 199(2), 201-209.
  35. Lee, K., and Gillespie, J. (1957). Propagation of virus diarrhea virus of cattle in tissue culture. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 18(69), 952-953.
  36. Ma, Y., Wang, L., Jiang, X., Yao, X., Huang, X., Zhou, K., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Sun, X., and Guan, X. (2022). Integrative transcriptomics and proteomics analysis provide a deep insight into bovine viral diarrhea virus-host interactions during BVDV infection. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 862828.
  37. Martín-Acebes, M. A., Blázquez, A.-B., Jiménez De Oya, N., Escribano-Romero, E., and Saiz, J.-C. (2011). West Nile virus replication requires fatty acid synthesis but is independent on phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate lipids. PloS one, 6(9), e24970.
  38. Maurer, K., Krey, T., Moennig, V., Thiel, H.-J. r., and Rümenapf, T. (2004). CD46 is a cellular receptor for bovine viral diarrhea virus. Journal of virology, 78(4), 1792-1799.
  39. Meyling, A., Houe, H., and Jensen, A. (1990). Epidemiology of bovine virus diarrhoea virus. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 9(1), 75-93.
  40. Moennig, V., Houe, H., and Lindberg, A. (2005). BVD control in Europe: current status and perspectives. Animal Health Research Reviews, 6(1), 63-74.
  41. Neill, J. D. (2013). Molecular biology of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Biologicals, 41(1), 2-7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.07.002
  42. Neill, J. D., Newcomer, B. W., Marley, S. D., Ridpath, J. F., and Givens, M. D. (2012). Greater numbers of nucleotide substitutions are introduced into the genomic RNA of bovine viral diarrhea virus during acute infections of pregnant cattle than of non-pregnant cattle. Virology journal, 9(1), 1-8.
  43. Newcomer, B. W., Chamorro, M. F., and Walz, P. H. (2017). Vaccination of cattle against bovine viral diarrhea virus. Veterinary Microbiology, 206, 78-83.
  44. Niskanen, R., Alenius, S., Belák, K., Baule, C., Belák, S., Voges, H., and Gustafsson, H. (2002). Insemination of susceptible heifers with semen from a non-viraemic bull with persistent bovine virus diarrhoea virus infection localized in the testes. Reprod Domest Anim, 37(3), 171-175. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0531.2002.00353.x
  45. Niskanen, R., and Lindberg, A. (2003). Transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus by unhygienic vaccination procedures, ambient air, and from contaminated pens. The Veterinary Journal, 165(2), 125-130.
  46. Olafson, P., Mac, C. A., and Fox, F. H. (1946). An apparently new transmissible disease of cattle. Cornell Vet, 36, 205-213.
  47. Peterhans, E., Jungi, T. W., and Schweizer, M. (2003). BVDV and innate immunity. Biologicals, 31(2), 107-112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1045-1056(03)00024-1
  48. Piña, R., Santos-Díaz, A. I., Orta-Salazar, E., Aguilar-Vazquez, A. R., Mantellero, C. A., Acosta-Galeana, I., Estrada-Mondragon, A., Prior-Gonzalez, M., Martinez-Cruz, J. I., and Rosas-Arellano, A. (2022). Ten approaches that improve immunostaining: a review of the latest advances for the optimization of immunofluorescence. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(3), 1426.
  49. Pinior, B., Firth, C. L., Richter, V., Lebl, K., Trauffler, M., Dzieciol, M., Hutter, S. E., Burgstaller, J., Obritzhauser, W., and Winter, P. (2017). A systematic review of financial and economic assessments of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) prevention and mitigation activities worldwide. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 137, 77-92.
  50. Potgieter, L. N. J. V. C. o. N. A. F. A. P. (1997). Bovine respiratory tract disease caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus. 13(3), 471-481.
  51. Qi, S., Wo, L., Sun, C., Zhang, J., Pang, Q., and Yin, X. (2022). Host cell receptors implicated in the cellular tropism of BVDV. Viruses, 14(10), 2302.
  52. Rajput, M. K., Darweesh, M. F., Braun, L. J., Mansour, S. M., and Chase, C. C. (2020). Comparative humoral immune response against cytopathic or non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. Research in Veterinary Science, 129, 109-116.
  53. Ramsey, F., and Chivers, W. (1957). Symposium on the mucosal disease complex. II. Pathology of a mucosal disease of cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 130(9), 381-383.
  54. Ridpath, J. F. (2005). Classification and molecular biology. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Diagnosis, Management and Control. Goyal, SM and Ridpath, JF Ames, IA, Blackwell Publishing, 65-89.
  55. Riedel, C., Chen, H.-W., Reichart, U., Lamp, B., Laketa, V., and Rümenapf, T. (2020). Real time analysis of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection and its dependence on bovine CD46. Viruses, 12(1), 116.
  56. Rodenhuis-Zybert, I. A., Wilschut, J., and Smit, J. M. (2010). Dengue virus life cycle: viral and host factors modulating infectivity. Cellular molecular life sciences, 67, 2773-2786.
  57. Rossi, G., De Leo, G. A., Pongolini, S., Natalini, S., Zarenghi, L., Ricchi, M., and Bolzoni, L. (2017). The potential role of direct and indirect contacts on infection spread in dairy farm networks. PLoS computational biology, 13(1), e1005301.
  58. Sandvik, T. (2005). Selection and use of laboratory diagnostic assays in BVD control programmes. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 72(1-2), 3-16.
  59. Scharnböck, B., Roch, F.-F., Richter, V., Funke, C., Firth, C. L., Obritzhauser, W., Baumgartner, W., Käsbohrer, A., and Pinior, B. (2018). A meta-analysis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) prevalences in the global cattle population. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-15.
  60. Scherer, C., Flores, E., Weiblen, R., Caron, L., Irigoyen, L., Neves, J., and Maciel, M. (2001). Experimental infection of pregnant ewes with bovine viral diarrhea virus type-2 (BVDV-2): effects on the pregnancy and fetus. Veterinary Microbiology, 79(4), 285-299.
  61. Schweizer, M., and Peterhans, E. (2014). Pestiviruses. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci., 2(1), 141-163.
  62. Smirnova, N. P., Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H., Van Campen, H., Austin, K. J., Han, H., Montgomery, D. L., Shoemaker, M. L., van Olphen, A. L., and Hansen, T. R. (2008). Acute non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus infection
  63. induces pronounced type I interferon response in pregnant cows and fetuses. Virus research, 132(1-2), 49-58. Stapleford, K. A., and Miller, D. J. (2010). Role of cellular lipids in positive-sense RNA virus replication complex assembly and function. Viruses, 2(5), 1055-1068.
  64. Stevens, E. T., Thomson, D. U., Wileman, B. W., O'Dell, S., and Chase, C. C. (2011). The survival of bovine viral diarrhea virus on materials associated with livestock production. The Bovine Practitioner, 118-123.
  65. Timurkan, M. Ö., and Aydın, H. (2019). Increased genetic diversity of BVDV strains circulating in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey: first detection of BVDV-3 in Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51(7), 1953-1961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01901-6
  66. van Oirschot, J. T., Bruschke, C. J., and van Rijn, P. A. (1999). Vaccination of cattle against bovine viral diarrhoea. Vet Microbiol, 64(2-3), 169-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00268-5
  67. Walz, P. H., Chamorro, M. F., S, M. F., Passler, T., van der Meer, F., and A, R. W. (2020). Bovine viral diarrhea virus: An updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement with focus on virus biology, hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination. J Vet Intern Med, 34(5), 1690-1706. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15816
  68. Walz, P. H., Grooms, D. L., Passler, T., Ridpath, J. F., Tremblay, R., Step, D. L., Callan, R. J., and Givens, M. D. (2010). Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus in ruminants. J Vet Intern Med, 24(3), 476-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0502.x
  69. Wang, Y., and Pang, F. (2024). Diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus: an overview of currently available methods. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, 1370050.
  70. Wernike, K., and Beer, M. (2024). Comparison of bovine viral diarrhea virus detection methods: results of an international proficiency trial. Veterinary Microbiology, 290, 109985.
  71. Wilhelmsen, C. L., Bolin, S. R., Ridpath, J. F., Cheville, N. F., and Kluge, J. P. (1991). Lesions and localization of viral antigen in tissues of cattle with experimentally induced or naturally acquired muscosal disease, or with naturally acquired chronic bovine viral diarrhea. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 52(2), 269-275. Woolums, A. R., Berghaus, R. D., Berghaus, L. J., Ellis, R. W., Pence, M. E., Saliki, J. T., Hurley, K. A., Galland, K. L., Burdett, W. W., and Nordstrom, S. T. (2013). Effect of calf age and administration route of initial multivalent modified-live virus vaccine on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following subsequent administration of a booster vaccination at weaning in beef calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 74(2), 343-354.
  72. Xia, H., Liu, L., Wahlberg, N., Baule, C., and Belák, S. (2007). Molecular phylogenetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus: A Bayesian approach. Virus research, 130(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2007.05.017
  73. Yeşilbağ, K., Alpay, G., and Tuncer, P. (2012). Bir Süt Sığırcılığı İşletmesinde Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) Virus Enfeksiyonunun Kontrol ve Eliminasyonu [Control and Elimination of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in a Dairy Herd]. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(1), 11-17.
  74. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/uluvfd/issue/13518/163518 Yeşilbağ, K., Aytoğu, G., Kadiroğlu, B., Ateş, Ö., Toker, E. B., and Yaşar, M. (2024). Pathogenicity assessment of a bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1l (BVDV-1l) strain in experimentally infected calves. Veterinary Microbiology, 289, 109945. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109945
  75. Yilmaz, A., Umar, S., Turan, N., Kayar, A., Richt, J. A., and Yilmaz, H. (2022). Current scenario of viral diseases and vaccination strategies of cattle in Turkey. J Infect Dev Ctries, 16(8), 1230-1242. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.14767
  76. Wilhelmsen, C. L., Bolin, S. R., Ridpath, J. F., Cheville, N. F., and Kluge, J. P. (1991). Lesions and localization of viral antigen in tissues of cattle with experimentally induced or naturally acquired muscosal disease, or with naturally acquired chronic bovine viral diarrhea. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 52(2), 269-275. Woolums, A. R., Berghaus, R. D., Berghaus, L. J., Ellis, R. W., Pence, M. E., Saliki, J. T., Hurley, K. A., Galland, K. L., Burdett, W. W., and Nordstrom, S. T. (2013). Effect of calf age and administration route of initial multivalent modified-live virus vaccine on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following subsequent administration of a booster vaccination at weaning in beef calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 74(2), 343-354.