SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1

General Characteristics, Pathogenesis and Virulence Gene Profiles of Campylobacter Species

Campylobacter Türlerinin Genel Özellikleri, Patogenezi ve Virülens Gen Profilleri

Abdurrahman Erol(TARIM VE ORMAN BAKANLIĞI AYDIN/İNCİRLİOVA İLÇE MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ)0000-0002-9194-7106
Pages
79–88
Publication Date
2026-07-13
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Furthermore, a positive correlation has been reported between cadF, racR, and ciaB genes and antibiotic resistance, and a correlation between racR, pldA, ceuE, and cgtB genes and multiple resistance.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Campylobacter species cause a wide range of infections in animals, ranging from gastroenteritis to abortion.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Extensive genome analyses have revealed that Campylobacter possesses a large accessory gene pool, identifying 126 different virulence factors.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Furthermore, a positive correlation has been reported between cadF, racR, and ciaB genes and antibiotic resistance, and a correlation between racR, pldA, ceuE, and cgtB genes and multiple resistance.
🔬Design:Lab & Field Experiment
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:: Campylobacter · Gen · Virülens

Abstract

Campylobacter species cause a wide range of infections in animals, ranging from gastroenteritis to abortion. Campylobacter spp. live as commensals within the gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the normal intestinal flora and gallbladder, of cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry. Poultry are the most common hosts for Campylobacter spp. because the high body temperature of poultry provides a favorable environment for Campylobacter spp. growth. Campylobacter spp. is generally zoonotic and is also responsible for abortion in ruminants. Campylobacter spp. is reported to be the most common cause of foodborne bacterial infections in humans. In humans, Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) causes infections characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, as well as neurological complications such as reactive arthritis and Miller-Fisher and Guillain-Barré syndromes. The virulence characteristics of Campylobacter species are determined by their adherence, cytotoxin, enterotoxin, and invasive properties. The course of infection and pathogenesis are determined by the number of microorganisms reaching the small intestine, their virulence, the susceptibility of the host, and the immune system. The pathogenic nature of Campylobacter infections is determined by motility, host cell adhesion and invasion, cell death, host defense escape mechanisms, and numerous genes that determine these mechanisms. Extensive genome analyses have revealed that Campylobacter possesses a large accessory gene pool, identifying 126 different virulence factors. Various studies have identified a total of 154 virulence genes through pan-genome analysis of the Campylobacter genus. Flagella, capsule, and cdtABC genes show differential distribution among species. Multiple virulence and essential genes, such as flhA, cadF, cdtA, cdtC, cmeA, and sodB, were detected at high frequencies in some strains isolated from chicken slaughterhouses. The most frequently identified genes include cadF, ciaB, cdtABC, pldA, dnaJ, flaA/B, and capsule biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, a positive correlation has been reported between cadF, racR, and ciaB genes and antibiotic resistance, and a correlation between racR, pldA, ceuE, and cgtB genes and multiple resistance.

Özet

Campylobacter türleri, hayvanlarda gastroenteritisten abortusa kadar uzanan birçok farklı enfeksiyona neden olurlar. Campylobacter spp. sığır,koyun, domuz ve kanatlı türlerinin normal barsak florası ve safra kesesi başta olmak üzere gastrointestinal sistem içerisinde kommensal olarak yaşarlar. Kanatlı türlerinin yüksek vücut ısısı Campylobacter spp. üremesi için uygun ortam sağladığından, kanatlılar, Campylobacter spp. için en yaygın konakçılardır. Campylobacter türleri genellikle zoonoz olmakla berebaber ruminantlarda da aborttan sorumludur. Campylobacter spp. insanlarda görülen gıda kaynaklı bakteriyel enfeksiyonların en yaygın nedeni olarak bildirilmektedir. İnsanlarda Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) ishal, ateş ve karın ağrısı gibi gastrointestinal semptomlarla karakterize enfeksiyonlara sebep olduğu gibi, reaktif artrite, Miller-Fisher ve Guillain-Barre sendromları gibi nörolojik komplikasyonlara da sebep olmaktadır. Campylobacter’lerin virülens karekterlerini adherans, sitotoksin, enterotoksin ve invaziv özellikleri belirlemektedir. Enfeksiyonun seyrini ve patogenizini ince barsağa ulaşan mikroorganizma sayısı, virülensi, konağın duyarlılığı ve bağışıklılık sistemi belirlemektedir. Campylobacter enfeksiyonlarında etkenin patojenik karakterini hareket, konak hücreye adhezyon ve invazyon, hücre ölümü, konak savunmasından kaçış mekanizmaları ve bu mekanizmaları determine eden birçok gen belirlemektedir. Geniş çaplı genom analizleri, Campylobacter’in büyük bir gen havuzuna sahip olduğu; 126 farklı virülens faktörü tespit edilmiştir. Farklı çalışmalarda, Campylobacter genusunun pan-genom analizi ile toplam 154 virülens geni belirlenmiştir. Flagella, kapsül ve cdtABC genleri türler arasında farklı dağılım göstermektedir. Tavuk kesimhanelerinden izole edilen bazı suşlarda flhA, cadF, cdtA, cdtC, cmeA ve sodB gibi çoklu virülens genleri ve yaşamsal genler yüksek oranda tespit edilmiştir. En sık tanımlanan genler arasında cadF, ciaB, cdtABC, pldA, dnaJ, flaA/B ve kapsül biyosentez genleri bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca cadF, racR ve ciaB genleri ile antibiyotik direnci arasında pozitif ilişki; racR, pldA, ceuE ve cgtB genleri ile çoklu direnç arasında ilişki olduğu bildirilmiştir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Erol, A. (2026). General Characteristics, Pathogenesis and Virulence Gene Profiles of Campylobacter Species. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 79–88. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.1797854

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (85)

  1. Açık MN. (2006) Sığır ve koyun orijinli Campylobacter jejuni ve Campylobacter coli'nin moleküler tiplendirilmesi. Doktora Tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Elazığ.
  2. Allos BM, Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG, Blacklow NR. (2004) Campylobacter, Infectious Diseases. Third edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, p.1686-1691.
  3. Allos BM, Iovine NM, Blaser MJ. (2005) Campylobacter jejuni and Related Species. Elsevier Churchıll Livingstone, p.2548-2555.
  4. Al-Saadi L, Al-Khalifa H. (2022) Virulence genes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from slaughtered chickens in Iraq. Egypt J Vet Sci. 53(2), 151–160.
  5. Ateş-Yılmaz A, Tuğrul HM. (2005) Edirne’de İshal Etkenleri Arasında Campylobacter Türlerinin Yerinin ve Antimikrobiklere Duyarlılıklarının Araştırılması. İnfeksiyon Dergisi. 19(1), 53-59.
  6. Aydin F, et al. (2020) Campylobacter virulence gene profiles in pig and sheep isolates in Turkey. Small Rumin Res. 192, 106210.
  7. Bailey, GD, Vanselow BA, Hornitzky MA, Hum SI, Eamens GJ, Gill PA, Walker KH, Cronin JP. (2003) A study of the foodborne pathogens: Campylobacter, Listeria and Yersinia, in faeces from slaughter-age cattle and sheep in Australia. Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report. 27(2), 249–257.
  8. Barros-Velázquez J, Jiménez A, Villa TG. (1999) Isolation and typing methods for the epidemiologic investigation of thermotolerant campylobacters. International microbiology: the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology. 2(4), 217–226.
  9. Bongekile Ngobese,Oliver Tendayi Zıshırı,Mohamed Ezzat El Zowalaty. (2020) Molecular Detection Of Virulence Genes in Campylobacter Species Isolated From Livestock Production Systems İn South Africa. Journal Of Integrative Agriculture. 19(6), 1656–1670.
  10. Bunduruș IA, Balta I, Ștef L, Ahmadi M, Peț I, McCleery D, Corcionivoschi N. (2023) Overview of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance in Campylobacter spp. Livestock Isolates. Antibiotics. 12(2), 402.
  11. Butzler JP. (2004) Campylobacter, from obscurity to celebrity. Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 10(10), 868–876.
  12. Casabonne C, González A, Aquili V, Balagué C. (2016) Prevalence and Virulence Genes of Shigella spp. Isolated from Patients with Diarrhea in Rosario, Argentina. Japanese journal of infectious diseases. 69(6), 477–481.
  13. Chang N, Taylor DF. (1990) Use of pulsed-field agarose gel electrophoresis to size genomes of Campylobacter species and to construct a Salt map of Campylobacter jejuni UA580. Journal of Bacteriology. 172, 5211-5217.
  14. Coker AO, Isokpehi RD, Thomas BN, Amisu KO, Obi CL. (2002) Human campylobacteriosis in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 8(3), 237-44.
  15. Dabboussi F, et al. (2021) Virulence gene profiles and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolates from broiler chickens in Tunisia. Foods. 11(22), 3554.
  16. Debruyne L, Gevers D, Vandamme P, eds. (2008) Taxonomy of the family Campylobacteraceae. Campylobacter. Third edition. Washington DC: ASM Press, p.3-25.
  17. Diker KS, Yardımcı H. (ı986) Campylobacter izolasyon yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması ve nemin koloni morfolojisi üzerine etkisi. Mikrobiyal Bült. 20, 115-119.
  18. Dylan RP. (2016) Fecal Culture for Campylobacter and Related Organisms. Leber AL. eds. Clinical microbiology procedures handbook. Fourth edition. Washington, DC: ASM Press, p. 3.8.2.
  19. Erdem, B., Ustaçelebi, Ş, İmir T, Cengiz AT, Tümbay E, Mete Ö. (1999) Campylobacter ve Helicobacter, Temel ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji, Ankara: Güneş Kitapevi, p.531-540.
  20. Elmalı M, Can HY. (2019) Antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence-associated genes in Campylobacter isolates from milk and wastewater in Hatay. Turkey. Ciência Rural. 49(5), e20180227.
  21. Elvers KT, Wu G, Gilberthorpe NJ, Poole RK, Park SF. (2004) Role of an inducible single-domain hemoglobin in mediating resistance to nitric oxide and nitrosative stress in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Journal of bacteriology. 186(16), 5332–5341.
  22. Epps SV, Harvey RB, Hume ME, Phillips TD, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. (2013) Foodborne Campylobacter: infections, metabolism, pathogenesis and reservoirs. International journal of environmental research and public health. 10(12), 6292–6304.
  23. Fitzgerald C, Nachamkin I. (2007) Campylobacter and Arcobacter, In P. R. Murray PR, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. L. Landry, and M. A. Pfaller eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. p.933-946.
  24. Fitzgerald C, Nachamkin I. (2015) Campylobacter and Arcobacter. Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Carroll KC, Funke G, editörler. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington DC. p. 998-1012.
  25. Hermans D, et al. (2023). Prevalence of virulence genes in poultry Campylobacter isolates. Antibiotics (Basel). 12(2), 402.
  26. Hızlısoy H, Al S, Onmaz NE, Yıldırım Y, Gönülalan Z, Barel M, Dişli HB. (2020) Farklı Kesimhanelerden İzole Edilen Campylobacter Türlerinin Virülens Genleri, Antibiyotik Duyarlılık Profilleri ve Moleküler Karakterizasyonu. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni. 54(1), 11-25.
  27. Humphrey T, O'Brien S, Madsen M. (2007) Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: a food production perspective. International journal of food microbiology. 117(3), 237–257.
  28. Jin S, Song YC, Emili A, Sherman PM, Chan VL. (2003) JlpA of Campylobacter jejuni interacts with surface-exposed heat shock protein 90alpha and triggers signalling pathways leading to the activation of NF-kappaB and p38 MAP kinase in epithelial cells. Cellular microbiology. 5(3), 165–174.
  29. Kaakoush NO, Castaño-Rodríguez N, Mitchell HM, Man SM. (2015) Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev July. 28(3), 687-720.
  30. Karadas G, et al. (2021) Review of Campylobacter virulence genes in Turkey. Iran J Infect Dis. IJI-14766.
  31. Kayman T, Abay S, Hızlısoy H. (2013) Campylobacter türlerinin fenotipik yöntemler ve multipleks polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu ile tanımlanması ve antibiyotik duyarlılıkları. Mikrobiyol Bul; 47(2): 230-9.
  32. Ketley JM. (1997) Pathogenesis of enteric infection by Campylobacter. Microbiology. 143, 5-21.
  33. Ketley MJ, KM. (2005) Campylobacter Molecular and Cellular Biology. First edition. Norfolk: Horizon Bioscience,
  34. Kiehlbauch JA, Albach RA, Baum LL, Chang KP. (1985) Phagocytosis of C. jejuni and its intracellular survival in mononuclear phagocytes. Infectıon And Immunıty 1985, 48(2) 446- 451.
  35. Kim J, et al. (2024) Front Vet Sci.;11:1393361.
  36. Klančnik A, Gobin I, Jeršek B, Možina SS, Vučković D, Žnidarič MT, Abram M. (2020) Adhesion of Campylobacterjejuni Is Increased in Association with Foodborne Bacteria. Microorganisms. 8(2), 201.
  37. Kurekci C, et al. (2022) Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from humans in Edirne, Turkey. J Infect Dev Ctries. 16(6), 985–992.
  38. Lastovica AJ. (2006) Emerging Campylobacter spp.: the tip of the iceberg. Clin Microbiol Newslett. 28(7), 49-56.
  39. Li Z, Cai H, Xu B, Dong Q, Jia K, Lin Z, Wang X, Liu Y, Qin X. (2025) Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, resistance and virulence determinants of Campylobacter jejuni in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 20, 100990.
  40. Lin J, Sahin O, Michel LO, Zhang Q. (2003) Critical role of multidrug efflux pump CmeABC in bile resistance and in vivo colonization of Campylobacter jejuni. Infection and immunity. 71(8), 4250–4259.
  41. Liu X, et al. (2025). Genomic insights into Campylobacter jejuni from layer hens in Hubei, China. BMC Vet Res. 21, 123.
  42. Magana M, Chatzipanagiotou S, Burriel AR, Ioannidis A. (2017) Inquiring into the Gaps of Campylobacter Surveillance Methods. Veterinary sciences. 4(3), 36.
  43. Man SM. (2011) The clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species. Nat Rev Gastro Hepat. 8(12), 669-685.
  44. Manuel RA. (2012) Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Fourth edition. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. USA: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, p.873-880.
  45. Martínez B et al. (2020) Prevalence of virulence-associated genes in Campylobacter spp. isolated from sheep and pigs. Small Rumin Res. 192, 106210.
  46. Mcsweegan E, Walker RI. (1986) Identification and characterization of two C. jejuni adhesins for cellular and mucous substrates. Infection and Immunity. 53(1), 141-148.
  47. Melo MA, Pechere JC. (1990) Identification of C. jejuni surface proteins that bind to eucaryotic cells in vitro. Infection and Immunity. 58, 1749-1756.
  48. Mohamed MI, Khalifa HO, Habib I. (2025) The role of virulence genes in Campylobacter pathogenicity: a perspective from the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. 15, 1584835.
  49. Monteville MR, Yoon JE, Konkel ME. (2003) Maximal adherence and invasion of INT 407 cells by Campylobacter jejuni requires the CadF outer-membrane protein and microfilament reorganization. Microbiology. 149(1), 153–165.
  50. Murphy C, Carroll C, Jordan KN. (2003) Induction of an adaptive tolerance response in the foodborne pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni. FEMS microbiology letters. 223(1), 89–93.
  51. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. (2016) Campylobacter and Helicobacter. Eighth edition. Medical Microbiology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, p.280-286.
  52. Park SF. (2002) The physiology of Campylobacter species and its relevance to their role as foodborne pathogens. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 74(3), 177-178.
  53. Pei Z, Burucoa C, Grignon B, Baqar S, Huang XZ, Kopecko DJ, Bourgeois AL, Fauchere JL, Blaser MJ. (1998) Mutation in the peb1A locus of Campylobacter jejuni reduces interactions with epithelial cells and intestinal colonization of mice. Infection and immunity. 66(3), 938–943.
  54. Penner JL. (1988) The genus Campylobacter: a decade of progress. Clinical microbiology reviews. 1(2), 157–172.
  55. Peres PABM, de Melo RT, Armendaris PM, Barreto F, Perin TF, Grazziotin AL, Monteiro GP, Buiatte ABG, Mendonça EP, Lourenzatto ECA, Bicalho ASM, Filho MV, Rossi DA. (2023) Multi-virulence of Campylobacter jejuni carried by chicken meat in Brazil. Frontiers in microbiology. 14, 1220579.
  56. Poly F, Threadgill D, Stintzi A. (2005) Genomic diversity in Campylobacter jejuni: identification of C. jejuni 81-176-specific genes. Journal of clinical microbiology. 43(5), 2330–2338.
  57. Procop GW, Church DL, Hall GS, Janda WM, Koneman EW, Schreckenberger PC. (2017) Curved Gram-negative Bacilli and oxidase-Positive Fermenters. Seventh edition. Koneman’s Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, p.432-42.
  58. Raeisi M, Khoshbakht R, Ghaemi EA, Bayani M, Hashemi M, Seyedghasemi NS, Shirzad-Aski H. (2017) Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence-Associated Genes of Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Raw Milk, Fish, Poultry, and Red Meat. Microbial drug resistance. 23(7), 925–933.
  59. Rami A ve ark. (2021) Genes (Basel). 12(10), 1538.
  60. Ruckaberle EK. (2001) Untersuchungen über das Vorkommen von Campylobacter-Salmonellenund Verotoxinbildenden E.coli-Keimen in Putenmastbetrieben und in einer Putenschlachtanlage vor und nach Durchführung von Reinigungs- und Desinfektionsmaßnahmen, Dissertation, Freien Universität, Berlin 2001.
  61. Ruız-Palacıos GM, Torres J, Torres NI, Escamılla E, Ruız-Palacıos BR, Tamayo J. (1983) Cholera-like enterotoxin produced by C. jejuni characterisation and clinical significance. Lancet 1983. 30(2), 8344, 250-253.
  62. Sahin O, Plummer PJ, Jordan DM, Sulaj K, Pereira S, Austerman SR, Wang L, Yaeger MJ, Hoffman LJ, Zhang Q. (2008) Emergence of a tetracycline-resistant Campylobacter jejuni clone associated with outbreaks of ovine abortion in the United States. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 46(5), 1663-1671.
  63. Sahin O, et al. (2022) Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and virulence genes in poultry isolates in Turkey. Egypt J Vet Sci. 53(2), 151–160.
  64. Shanrui Wu, Ru Jia, Ying Wang, Jie Li, Yisong Li, Lan Wang, Yani Wang, Chao Liu, Elena M. Jia, Yihua Wang, Guogang Zhang, Jie Liu, (2024) Prevalence, Diversity, and Virulence of Campylobacter Carried by Migratory Birds at Four Major Habitats in China, Pathogens. 13(3), 230.
  65. Silva J, Leite D, Fernandes M, Mena C, Gibbs PA, Teixeira P. (2011) Campylobacter spp. as a Foodborne Pathogen: A Review. Frontiers in microbiology. 2, 200.
  66. Singh N, et al. (2022). Microbiol Spectr. 10(2), 01029-22.
  67. Skirrow MB. (2006) John McFadyean and the centenary of the first isolation of Campylobacter species. Clin Infect Dis. 43(9), 1213-7.
  68. Smibert RM. (1984) Campylobacter. Krieg NR, Holt JG. eds. Bergey’s Manual of System atic Bacteriology, Williams and Wilkens, Baltimore, p.111-118.
  69. Stern NJ, Patton CM, Doyle MP, Park CE, Mccardell BA. (1992) Campylobacter in compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of food. Vanderzant DF, Spilttstoesser DF. Eds. Washington DC 1992, p.475-479.
  70. Talukder KA, Aslam M, Islam Z, Azmi IJ, Dutta DK, Hossain S, Nur-E-Kamal A, Nair GB, Cravioto A, Sack DA, Endtz HP. (2008) Prevalence of virulence genes and cytolethal distending toxin production in Campylobacter jejuni isolates from diarrheal patients in Bangladesh. Journal of clinical microbiology. 46(4), 1485–1488.
  71. Trachoo N. (2003) Biofilms and the food industry. Jornal of Science and Technology. 25(6), 807-815.
  72. Taxon tree. Available from: http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?src=0&id=443, Access date: 25.09.2025.
  73. Van Damme P, De Ley J. (1991) Proposal for a new family, Campylobacteraceae. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 41(3), 451-455.
  74. Vandenberg O, Skirrow MB, Butzler JP. (2005) Campylobacter and Arcobacter. Borriello SP, Murray PR, Funke G. eds. Topley & Wilson’s Microbiology & Microbial Infections. ASM Press, Washington DC. p.1541-1553.
  75. Wassenaar TM, Engelskirchen M, Park S, Lastovica A. (1997) Differential uptake and killing potential of Campylobacter jejuni by human peripheral monocytes/macrophages. Med Microbiol Immunol. 186, 139-144.
  76. Wassenaar TM, Newell DG. (2000) Minireview, Genotyping of Campylobacter spp. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66(1), 1-9.
  77. Wieczorek K, Osek J. (2021) Campylobacter virulence and antimicrobial resistance in pig isolates. Microorganisms. 9(5), 1077.
  78. Wj Snelling, M.M., Moore JE, (2005) Under the Microscope Campylobacterler jejuni. J.Appl. Microbiol. 41, 297-302. Wikipedia contributors. Cytolethal distending toxin. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytolethal_distending_toxin, Access date: 25.09.2025.
  79. Xiao J, Cheng Y, Zhang W, Lu Q, Guo Y, Hu Q, Wen G, Shao H, Luo Q and Zhang T. (2023) Genetic characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility, and virulence genes distribution of Campylobacter isolated from local dual-purpose chickens in central China. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 13, 1236777.
  80. Yilmaz E, et al. (2020) Virulence determinants in Campylobacter isolates from abattoir samples in Kayseri, Turkey. Microb Pathog. 141, 103980.
  81. Zeng X, et al. (2013) Comparative genomic analysis of Campylobacter jejuni from cattle, poultry, and humans. PLoS One. 8(3), e59498.
  82. Zhang Y ve ark. (2024) J Biomed Sci.;31(1):33. doi:10.1186/s12929-024-01033-6.
  83. Zhang Q ve ark. (2025) arXiv preprint.; arXiv:2509.03551.
  84. Zilbauer M, Dorrell N, Wren BW, Bajaj-Elliott M. (2008) Campylobacter jejuni-mediated disease pathogenesis: an update. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 102(2), 123–129.
  85. Barros-Velázquez J, Jiménez A, Villa TG. (1999) Isolation and typing methods for the epidemiologic investigation of thermotolerant campylobacters. International microbiology: the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology. 2(4), 217–226.