SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 50 Sayı: 1

Life table parameters and susceptibility levels of Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter, 1891) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to spinosad and abamectin

Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter, 1891) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)’in yaşam tablosu parametreleri ile spinosad ve abamectine duyarlılık düzeyleri

Nurdan Topakcı(AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TEKNİK BİLİMLER MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU, ÇEVRE KORUMA TEKNOLOJİLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, ÇEVRE KORUMA VE KONTROL PR.)0000-0001-5577-5522
Fatih Dağlı(AKDENIZ UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-3611-5208
Ekrem Atakan(CUKUROVA UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-7352-4815
Mehmet Keçeci(MALATYA TURGUT OZAL UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-8589-8152
Pages
43–57
Publication Date
2026-03-31
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Results indicated a total development time from egg to adult was 20.82 days.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The banded greenhouse thrips, Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter, 1891) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a tropical-origin species that has been identified on fruits, vegetables, ornamental and industrial crops in certain regions, such as Africa, the Americas, Europe, Oceania, and Asia.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The research was conducted in 2024 at Plant Protection Department Laboratory of Akdeniz University.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Results indicated a total development time from egg to adult was 20.82 days.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:2024 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Bantlı sera tripsi · Hercinothrips femoralis · insektisit etkinliği

Abstract

The banded greenhouse thrips, Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter, 1891) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a tropical-origin species that has been identified on fruits, vegetables, ornamental and industrial crops in certain regions, such as Africa, the Americas, Europe, Oceania, and Asia. This study aimed to provide essential data on the biology and management of H. femoralis. The research was conducted in 2024 at Plant Protection Department Laboratory of Akdeniz University. The H. femoralis population was maintained as a stock culture on green bean pods. Experiments were conducted at 25±1ºC, with 65±10% relative humidity and a 16:8 h photoperiod. Results indicated a total development time from egg to adult was 20.82 days. Development time of the egg, first instar, second instar, prepupa, and pupa stages were 9.0, 2.85, 4.0, 1.41, and 3.56 days, respectively. The total adult longevity was 74.88 days, and the mean fecundity was 132.62 offspring per female. In feeding tests, adults caused characteristic damage on bean, pepper, cucumber, and banana fruits. respectively. Life table parameters indicated that H. femoralis can reproduce easily under suitable climates and hosts, causing significant economic losses. In laboratory bioassay the recommended doses of spinosad and abamectin caused 100% and 94% mortality in H. femoralis, respectively. The high efficacy of spinosad and abamectin against H. femoralis demonstrated in this study could be considered in the development of chemical control strategies.

Özet

Bantlı sera tripsi, Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter, 1891) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Afrika, Amerika, Avrupa, Okyanusya ve Asya gibi belirli bölgelerde meyve, sebze, süs ve endüstri bitkilerinde tespit edilmiş tropikal kökenli bir türdür. Bu çalışmada, H. femoralis’in biyolojisi ve mücadelesine ilişkin temel verilerin elde edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, 2024 yılında Akdeniz Üniversitesi Bitki Koruma Bölümü Laboratuvarı'nda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hercinothrips femoralis popülasyonu stok kültür olarak yeşil fasulye meyveleri üzerinde yetiştirilmiştir. Deneyler, sıcaklığın 25±1ºC, bağıl nemin %65±10 ve fotoperiyotun 16:8 saat olduğu koşullarda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre yumurtadan ergine toplam gelişme süresi 20,82 gün, yumurta, birinci larva evresi, ikinci larva evresi, prepupa ve pupa evrelerinin gelişim süreleri sırasıyla 9.0, 2.85, 4.0, 1.41 ve 3.56 gündür. Toplam ergin ömrü 74,88 gün ve yumurta verimi dişi başına ortalama 132,62 adet olarak bulunmuştur. Beslenme denemelerinde ergin bireylerin fasulye, biber, salatalık ve muz meyvelerinde karakteristik zarar oluşturduğu gözlenmiştir. Yaşam tablosu parametreleri, H. femoralis'in uygun iklim koşullarında ve uygun konukçularda kolaylıkla üreyebildiğini ve önemli ekonomik kayıplara yol açabileceğini ortaya koymuştur. Laboratuvar testlerinde spinosad ve abamectin’in tavsiye dozlarının, H. femoralis'te sırasıyla %100 ve %94 oranında ölüme neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada tespit edilen spinosad ve abamectin’in H. femoralis'e karşı gösterdiği yüksek etkinlik, kimyasal mücadele stratejilerinin geliştirilmesinde dikkate alınabilir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Topakcı, N., Dağlı, F., Atakan, E., Keçeci, M., *, N. T. (2026). Life table parameters and susceptibility levels of Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter, 1891) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to spinosad and abamectin. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, Cilt: 50 Sayı: 1, 43–57. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1802852

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (65)

  1. Abbott, W. S., 1925. A method of comparing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology,18 (2): 265-267.
  2. Alkan, B., 1962. Türkiye’nin zararlı Thysanoptera faunası üzerinde ilk araştırmalar. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi 1962 Yıllığı, Fasikül 3-4: 195-201. (in Turkish)
  3. APRD, 2022. Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database: Frankliniella occidentalis. (Web page: https://www.pesticideresistance.org/display.php?page=species&arId=348) (Date accessed: April 2022).
  4. Atakan, E. & A. F. Özgür, 2000. “Laboratuvarda Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)'nin biyolojisi, 367-373”. Türkiye 4. Entomoloji Kongresi Bildirileri (12-15 Eylül 2000, Aydın, Türkiye), 570 pp. (in Turkish with abstract in English)
  5. Bielza, P., V. Quinto, J. Contreras, M. Torne, A. Martin & P. J. Espinosa, 2007. Resistance to spinosad in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), in greenhouses of south-eastern Spain. Pest Management Science, 63 (7): 682-687.
  6. Brodsgaard, H. F., 1994. Insecticide resistance in European and African strain of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) tested in a new residue-on-glass test. Journal of Economic Entomology, 87 (5): 1141-1146.
  7. Chi, H. & H. Liu, 1985. Two new methods for the study of insect population ecology. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology Academia Sinica, 24 (2): 225-240.
  8. Chi, H., 1988. Life-table analysis incorporating both sexes and variable development rates among individuals. Environmental Entomology, 17 (1): 26-34.
  9. Chi, H., M. S. You, R. Atlıhan, C. L. Smith, A. Kavousi, M. S. Özgökçe, A. Guncan, S. Tuan, J. Fu, Y. Xu, F. Zheng, B. Ye, D. Chu, Y. Yu, G. Gharekhani, P. Saska, T. Gotoh, M. I. Schneider, P. Bussaman, A. Gokce & T. Liu, 2020. Age-stage, two-sex life table: An introduction to theory, data analysis, and application. Entomologia Generalis, 40 (2): 103-124.
  10. Chi, H., H. Kara, M. S. Ozgokce, R. Atlıhan, A. Güncan & M. R. Rişvanlı, 2022. Innovative application of set theory, Cartesian product, and multinomial theorem in demographic research. Entomologia Generalis, 42 (6): 863-874.
  11. Chi, H., 2025. TWOSEX-MSChart: a computer program for the age-stage, two-sex life table analysis. (Web page: https://lifetablechi.com/software/) (Date accessed: March 2025).
  12. Cubillos-Salamanca, Y. P., J. C. Rodríguez-Maciel, S. Pineda-Guillermo, H, V. Silva-Rojas, J. Berzosa, M. A. Tejeda-Reyes & Á. Rebollar-Alviter, 2019. Identification of thrips species and resistance of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to malathion, spinosad, and bifenthrin in blackberry crops. Florida Entomologists, 102 (4): 738-746.
  13. Dağlı, F., 2018. Spinosad resistance in a population of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) from Antalya and its cross resistance to acrinathrin and formetanate. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 42 (4): 241-251.
  14. Degabriele, G., A. Cavalleri, A. Goldarazena & D. Mifsud, 2023. The Terebrantia (Insecta: Thysanoptera) of the Maltese Islands. Diversity, 15 (4): 514 (1-41).
  15. Denmark, H. A., 1976. The banded greenhouse Thrips, Hercinothrips femoralis (O. M. Reuter) damage to ornamental plants. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 89: 330-331.
  16. Department of Plant Protection Products, 2025. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, General Directorate of Food and Control. (Web page: https://bku.tarimorman.gov.tr/Kullanim/TavsiyeArama) (Date accessed: June 2025). (in Turkish)
  17. Efron, B. & R. J. Tibshirani, 1993. An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman & Hall, New York, USA. 456 pp.
  18. Espinosa, P. J., P. Bielza, J. Contreras & A. Lacasa, 2002. Insecticide resistance in field populations of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in Murcia (south-east Spain). Pest Management Science, 58 (9): 967-971.
  19. Etienne, J., P. Ryckewaert & B. Michel, 2015. Thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) of Guadeloupe and Martinique: Updated check-list with new information on their ecology and natural enemies. Florida Entomologists, 98 (1): 298-304.
  20. Gao, Y., Z. Lei & S. R. Reitz, 2012. Western flower thrips resistance to insecticides: detection, mechanisms and management strategies. Pest Management Science, 68 (8): 1111-1121.
  21. Goldaracena, A. & G. B. Vierbergen, 2022. A key to species of Hercinothrips, with one new species, and a neotype designation for H. trilineatus (Priesner). Zootaxa, 5169 (4): 322-330.
  22. Herron, G. A. & T. M. James, 2005. Monitoring insecticide resistance in Australian Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) detects fipronil and spinosad resistance. Australian Journal of Entomology, 44 (3): 299-303.
  23. Houston, K. J., L. A. Mound & M. Palmer, 1991. Two pest thrips (Thysanoptera) new to Australia, with notes on the distribution and structural variation of other species. Australian Journal of Entomology, 30 (3): 231-232.
  24. Huang, Y. B. & H. Chi, 2013. Life tables of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae): with an invalidation of the jackknife technique. Journal of Applied Entomology, 137 (5): 327-339.
  25. Immaraju, J. H., T. D. Paine, J. A. Bethke, K. L. Robb & J. P. Newman, 1992. Western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) resistance to insecticides in coastal California greenhouses. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85 (1): 9-14.
  26. IRAC, 2025. Irac Mode of Action Classification. (Web page: https://irac-online.org/) (Date accessed: March 2025).
  27. Jandricic, S. E., A. Summerfield, H. E. Maw, B. M. T. Brunet & R. Buitenhuis, 2024. Thrips species composition in Ontario greenhouse floriculture:innovative identification tools and implications for Integrated Pest Management. Insects, 15 (3): 211 (1-17).
  28. Jensen, S. E., 1998. Acetylcholinesterase activity associated with methiocarb resistance in a strain of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 61 (3): 191-200.
  29. Jensen, S. E., 2000. Insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 5 (2): 131-146.
  30. Jenser, G. & K. Czencz, 1988. Thysanoptera species occurring frequently on cultivated plants in Hungary. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 23 (3-4): 285-289.
  31. Jenser, G., 1979. A check-list of Thysanoptera of Hungary. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 32 (2): 31-42.
  32. Kamış, B. & F. Dağlı, 2022. Widespread and high levels of resistance to spinosad and spinetoram in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations of Antalya Province (Türkiye). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46 (4): 407-420.
  33. Kirk, W. D. J. & L. I. Terry, 2003. The spread of the Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 5 (4): 301-310.
  34. Koch, F., 1981. The pre-adult ontogenesis of the thysanopteran Hercinothrips femoralis (O.M. Reuter) (Thysanoptera, Insecta). Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 105 (3): 412-419.
  35. Kontsedalov, S., P. G. Weintraub, A. R. Horowitz & I. Ishaaya, 1998. Effects of insecticides on immature and adult western flower thrips (Thysanoptera:Thripidae) in Israel. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91 (5): 1067-1071.
  36. Lacasa, A. & M. C. Martínez, 1988. Biographical notes on Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter) (Thys.: Thripidae), a potential pest of ornamental plants. Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, 14 (1): 67-75.
  37. Laughlin, R., 1971. A culture method for Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter) (Thysanoptera). Australian Journal of Entomology, 10 (4): 301-303.
  38. Lee, G. S. & W. Lee, 2016. Rediscovery of an exotic thrips Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter), in Korea, severely damaging to ornamental plants. Korean Society of Applied Entomology, 1: 102-102.
  39. Li, W. D., P. J. Zhang, J. M. Zhang, Z. J. Zhang, F. Huang, Y. W. Bei, W. C. Lin & Y. B. Lu, 2015. An evaluation of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Frankliniella intonsa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) performance on different plant leaves based on life history characteristics. Journal of Insect Science,15 (1): 167 (1-5).
  40. Li, D., X. Shang, S. Reitz, R. Nauen, Z. Lei, S. H. Lee & Y. Gao, 2016. Field resistance to spinosad in western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15 (12): 2803-2808.
  41. Li, M., Z. Peng, C. Guo, Y. Xiao, F. Yin, H. Yuan, Z. Li & M. P. Zalucki, 2024. Age-stage, two-sex life tables of Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) and Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) on different bean pods under laboratory conditions: ımplications for their competitive ınteractions. Insects, 15 (12): 1003 (1-12).
  42. Moraiet, A., M. S. Ansari & R. Basri, 2017. Biological parameters of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman on onion cultivars. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 57 (2): 120-128.
  43. Mound, L. A. & G. Kibby, 1998. Thysanoptera: An Identification Guide. CAB International, Wallingford, 70 pp.
  44. Mound, L. A., G. D., Morison, B. R. Pitkin & J. M. Palmer, 1976. Thysanoptera, Handbooks for the İdentification of British İnsects. Royal Entomological Society, London, 79 pp.
  45. Mound, L. A., Z. Wang, É. F. B. Lima & R. Marullo, 2022. Problems with the concept of “pest” among the diversity of pestiferous thrips. Insects, 13 (1): 61 (1-17).
  46. Murai, T. & A. J. M. Loomans, 2001. Evaluation of an improved method for mass-rearing of thrips and a thrips parasitoid. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 101 (3): 281-289.
  47. Orosz, S., D. Éliás, E. Balog & F. Toth, 2017. Investigation of Thysanoptera populations in Hungarian greenhouses. Acta Univ. Sapientiae. Agriculture and Environment, 9 (1): 140-158.
  48. Roditakis, E., L. A. Mound & N. E. Roditakis, 2006. First record in Crete of Hercinothrips femoralis in greenhouse banana plantations. Phytoparasitica, 34 (5): 488-490.
  49. Scarpelli, F. & G. Bosio, 1999. Echinothrips americanus Morgan, nuovo tisanottero delle serre. L’Informatore Agrario LV, 2: 59-61.
  50. Šimala, M. & T. Masten Milek, 2008. Thysanoptera species recorded in greenhouses in Croatia from 2003-2006. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 43 (2): 373-383.
  51. Sparks, T.C., J. E. Dripps, G. B. Watson & D. Paroonagian, 2012. Resistance and cross-resistance to the spinosyns-a review and analysis. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 102 (1): 1-10.
  52. Štefánik, M., M, Zvaríková, R. Masarovič & P. Fedor, 2019. The significance of anthropochory in Hercinothrips femoralis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Plant Protection Science, 55 (4): 262-265.
  53. Steiner, M. Y. & S. Goodwin, 1998. Methods for collecting and rearing thrips (Thysanoptera) and their natural enemies. Australian Journal of Entomology, 37 (2): 101-106.
  54. Thalavaisundaram, S., G. A. Herron, A. D. Clift & H. Rose, 2008. Pyrethroid resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and implications for its management in Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology, 47 (1): 64-69.
  55. ThripsWiki, 2026. ThripsWiki-Providing İnformation on the World’s Thrips. (Web page: http://thrips.info/wiki/Main_Page) (Date accessed: January 2026).
  56. Topakcı, N., 2023. Antalya İli Örtüaltı Meyve Alanlarında Zararlı ve Faydalı Böcek ve Akar Türlerinin Belirlenmesi. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Proje No: FBA-2021-5625, 87 s. (in Turkish)
  57. Trdan, S., 2002. Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter) also recorded in Slovenia. Sodobno Kmetijstvo, 35 (6): 242-244.
  58. Trdan, S., L. Kužnik & M. Vidrih, 2007. First results concerning the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter). Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 89 (1): 5-13.
  59. Tunç, İ. & A. Hastenpflug-Vesmanis, 2016. Records and checklist of Thysanoptera in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 40 (5): 769-778.
  60. Varga, L., 2008. Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter, 1891) A new pest thrips (Thysanoptera: Panchaetothripinae) in Slovakia. Plant Protection Science, 44 (3): 114-118.
  61. Wang, Z., L. Mound, R. Mao & X. Tong, 2022. Two new synonyms among Panchaetothripinae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with three species newly recorded from China. Zootaxa, 5190 (2): 275-285.
  62. Wei M., H. Chi, Y. Guo, X. Li, L. Zhao & R. Ma, 2020. Demography of Cacopsylla chinensis (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) reared on four cultivars of Pyrus bretschneideri and P. communis (Rosales: Rosaceae) pears with estimations of confidence intervals of specific life table statistics. Journal of Economic Entomology, 113 (5): 2343-2353.
  63. Zeng, G., J. R. Zhi, M. Ye, W. Xie, T. Zhang, D. Y. Li, L. Liu, X. B. Wu & Y. Cao, 2021. Life table and preference choice of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) for kidney bean plants treated by exogenous calcium. Insects, 12 (9): 838 (1-11).
  64. Zhang, S., S. Kono, T. Murai & T. Miyata, 2008. Mechanisms of resistance to spinosad in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Insect Science, 15 (2): 125-132.
  65. Zvaríková M., R. Masarovič, M. Zvarík, K. Bagova, L. Procházková, P. Prokop & P. Fedor, 2023. The effect of plant essential oils on the Banded greenhouse thrips (Hercinothrips femoralis [O.M. Reuter 1891]) (Thysanoptera:Thripidae: Panchaetothripinae). Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 130 (4): 747-755.