SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Afet ve Risk Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Türkiye'de Deprem Sonrası Gelişen Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğuna Yönelik Psikolojik Müdahaleler: Bir Sistematik Derleme

Begüm Açık(ADNAN MENDERES ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0009-0003-5089-329X
Merve Demir(AYDIN ADNAN MENDERES ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-5762-4373
Sevim Adalı(KARABÜK ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-9412-4589
Cennet Şafak Öztürk(ADNAN MENDERES ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-8485-039X
Pages
468–486
Publication Date
2025-07-31
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This work is expected to contribute significantly to both clinical practice and academic research, filling the knowledge gap in the field of psychological interventions after earthquakes in Turkey and guiding future research.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This systematic review examines psychological interventions applied to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms following earthquakes in Turkey.
📊
Key Findings & Data:During the selection process, a total of 8 studies were reviewed, taking into account factors such as research design, participant characteristics, content of interventions, therapist qualifications, and measurement tools used.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:This work is expected to contribute significantly to both clinical practice and academic research, filling the knowledge gap in the field of psychological interventions after earthquakes in Turkey and guiding future research.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Davranışçı Müdahale Teknikleri · Deprem · Psikolojik Müdahale

Abstract

This systematic review examines psychological interventions applied to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms following earthquakes in Turkey. The review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in reducing PTSD symptoms. Accordingly, the study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, TR Dizin, and ULAKBİM were scanned based on predetermined criteria and keywords, and articles published in Turkish and English were included in the analysis. During the selection process, a total of 8 studies were reviewed, taking into account factors such as research design, participant characteristics, content of interventions, therapist qualifications, and measurement tools used. The results of these studies demonstrate that various intervention methods, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), and psychoeducation, effectively reduce PTSD symptoms. This work is expected to contribute significantly to both clinical practice and academic research, filling the knowledge gap in the field of psychological interventions after earthquakes in Turkey and guiding future research.

Özet

Bu sistematik derleme, Türkiye'de deprem sonrası gelişen Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB) belirtilerine yönelik uygulanan psikolojik müdahaleleri incelemektedir. Derleme kapsamında, TSSB belirtilerini azaltmak amacıyla uygulanan müdahalelerin etkililiğini değerlendirme hedeflenmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çalışma, Sistematik Derlemeler ve Meta-Analizler için Tercih Edilen Raporlama Öğeleri yönergelerine uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, TR Dizin ve ULAKBİM veri tabanları, belirlenen kriterler ve anahtar kelimelere göre taranmış ve Türkçe ile İngilizce dillerinde yayınlanan makaleler incelemeye dahil edilmiştir. Seçim sürecinde, araştırma deseni, katılımcı özellikleri, müdahale içeriği, terapist nitelikleri ve kullanılan ölçüm araçları gibi faktörler temel alınarak toplam 8 çalışma incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmaların sonuçları, Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi, Göz Hareketleri ile Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme ve psikoeğitim gibi çeşitli müdahale yöntemlerinin TSSB semptomlarını etkili bir şekilde azalttığını göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın hem klinik pratiğe hem de akademik araştırmalara değerli katkılarda bulunarak, Türkiye'de deprem sonrası psikolojik müdahale alanındaki bilgi eksikliğini gidermeye ve gelecekteki araştırmalara rehberlik etmeye katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Açık, B., Demir, M., Adalı, S., Öztürk, C. Ş., *, M. D. (2025). Türkiye'de Deprem Sonrası Gelişen Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğuna Yönelik Psikolojik Müdahaleler: Bir Sistematik Derleme. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 468–486. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1422407

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (81)

  1. Acartürk, C., Uygun, E., İlkkursun, Z., Sijbrandij, M., Cuijpers, P., McDaid, D., Suhrcke, M., Demirbaş, H., Akbaba, S., Bryant, R. A., Kayi, E., Fuhr, D. C. (2022). Effectiveness of a WHO self-help psychological intervention for preventing mental disorders among Syrian refugees in Turkey: A randomized controlled trial. World Psychiatry, 21(1), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20939
  2. Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı (AFAD). (2023). 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık-Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) Mw: 7.7 – Mw: 7.6 Depremleri Raporu. 140 s.: https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/assets/pdf/Kahramanmara%C5%9F%20Depremi%20%20Raporu_02.06.2023.pdf
  3. Aker, A. T., Karakılıç, H. (2011). Afetlerde Psikososyal Hizmetler Birliği: Dayanışma ve işbirliğinin etkin gücü. Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Bülteni, 14(3), 2-14.
  4. Altun, F. (2016). Afetlerde psikososyal hizmetler: Marmara ve Van depremleri karşılaştırmalı analizi. Çekmece İZÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(8-9), 183-197.
  5. Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2013). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve İstatistiksel El Kitabı (5. Baskı). Washington, DC: Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği.
  6. Bal, B., Köksal, T., Ebeoğlu, B., Oral, K. (2020). Retrospective analysis of trauma incidence in patients with temporomandibular disorders. Dental Traumatology, 36(6), 618-623. https://doi.org 10.1111/edt.12582.
  7. Bangpan, M., Felix, L., Dickson, K. (2019). Mental health and psychosocial support programmes for adults in humanitarian emergencies: A systematic review and meta-analysis in low and middle-income countries. BMJ Global Health, 4(5), e001484. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001484
  8. Başoğlu, M., Livanou, M., Şalcıoğlu, E. (2003a). A single session with an earthquake simulator for traumatic stress in earthquake survivors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(5), 788-790.
  9. Başoğlu, M., Livanou, M., Şalcioğlu, E., Kalender, D. (2003b). A brief behavioural treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in earthquake survivors: Results from an open clinical trial. Psychological Medicine, 33(4), 647-654. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703007360
  10. Başoğlu, M., Kılıç, C., Salcıoğlu, E., Livanou, M. (2004). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in earthquake survivors in Turkey: An epidemiological study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(2), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022619.31615.e8
  11. Başoğlu, M., Livanou, M., Crnobarić, C., Frančišković, T., Suljić, E., Đurić, D., Vranešić, M. (2005). Psychiatric and cognitive effects of war in former Yugoslavia: Association of lack of redress for trauma and posttraumatic stress reactions. JAMA, 294(5), 580-590. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.5.580 Başoğlu, M., Şalcıoğlu, E., Livanou, M. (2002). Traumatic stress responses in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(4), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016241826589
  12. Başoğlu, M., Şalcıoğlu, E., Livanou, M. (2007). A randomized controlled study of single-session behavioural treatment of earthquake-related post-traumatic stress disorder using an earthquake simulator. Psychological Medicine, 37(2), 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291706009123
  13. Başoğlu, M., Şalcıoğlu, E. (2011). A mental healthcare model for mass trauma survivors: Control-focused behavioral treatment of earthquake, war and torture trauma. Cambridge University Press.
  14. Beaglehole, B., Mulder, R. T., Frampton, C. M., Boden, J. M., Newton-Howes, G., Bell, C. J. (2018). Psychological distress and psychiatric disorder after natural disasters: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 213(6), 716-722. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.210
  15. Bertakis, K. D., Azari, R., Helms, L. J., Callahan, E. J., Robbins, J. A. (2000). Gender differences in the utilization of health care services. Journal of Family Practice, 49(2), 147-152.
  16. Bianchini, V., Roncone, R., Tomassini, A., Necozione, S., Cifone, M. G., Casacchia, M. (2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy for young people after L’Aquila earthquake. Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 9, 238-242. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901309010238
  17. Bisson, J. I., Shepherd, J. P., Joy, D., Probert, R., Newcombe, R. G. (2004). Early cognitive-behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress symptoms after physical injury. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 184(1), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.184.1.63
  18. Bisson, J. I., Tavakoly, B., Witteveen, A. B., Ajdukovic, D., Jehel, L., Johansen, V. J., Nordanger, D., Garcia, F. O., Punamäki, R. L., Schnyder, U., Sezgin, A., Wagner, A. K. (2007). TENTS guidelines: Development of post-disaster psychosocial care guidelines through a Delphi process. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(6), 492-498. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.066266
  19. Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., La Greca, A. M. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(1), 1-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100610387086
  20. Branson, A., Shafran, R. (2015). Therapist characteristics and their effect on training outcomes: What counts? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43(3), 374-380. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465813001016
  21. Bryant, R. A., Bawaneh, A., Awwad, M., Joscelyne, A., Batayneh, B., Schnabel, A., Dawson, K. S., Mulder, C., Al-Hayek, H., Akhtar, A., Nickerson, A. (2022). Effectiveness of a brief group behavioral intervention for common mental disorders in Syrian refugees in Jordan: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Medicine, 19(3), e1003949. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003949 Campbell, J. P. (2012). Behavior, performance, and effectiveness in the twenty-first century. In Kozlowski, S. W. J. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 159-194). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928309.013.0006 Chen, Y. R., Hung, K. W., Tsai, J. C., Chu, H., Chung, M. H., Chen, S. R., Chou, K. R. (2014). Efficacy of eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing for patients with posttraumatic-stress disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PloS One, 9(8), e103676. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103676
  22. Cui, Y. H. (2013). Psychological trauma and crisis intervention in children after an earthquake. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 15(6), 423-426. Dursun, A. (2024). Deprem Olgusunu Psikoloji Bağlamında Ele Alan Lisansüstü Tezlerin Bibliyometrik ve Tematik Analizi. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, 7(3), 828-841. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1385369
  23. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2013). Guidelines for the Management of Conditions Specifically Related to Stress. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  24. Elhai, J. D., Gray, M. J., Kashdan, T. B., Franklin, C. L. (2005). Which instruments are most commonly used to assess traumatic event exposure and posttraumatic effects? A survey of traumatic stress professionals. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 541-545. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20062
  25. Ennis, C. R., Tock, J. L., Daurio, A. M., Raines, A. M., Taylor, J. (2022). An initial investigation of the association between DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and nonsuicidal self-injury functions. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 14(7), 1201-1209. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001290
  26. Farooqui, M., Quadri, S. A., Suriya, S. S., Khan, M. A., Ovais, M., Sohail, Z., Ahmar, S., Hassan, M., Waqas, M., Zafar, M. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder: A serious post-earthquake complication. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 39(2), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2016-0029
  27. Feen-Calligan, H., Grasser, L. R., Debryn, J., Hall, T., Pleskach, P., Yahya, D., Kuri, V., Hussaini, M., Nichols, A. (2020). Art therapy with Syrian refugee youth in the United States: An intervention study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 69, 101665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2020.101665 Fernandez, C. A., Louie, P., Weaver, J., Young, L., Blanchard, E., Santiago, P. N. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder comorbid with major depression and substance use disorders: Association with traumatic events, suicide attempts, and temperament. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(8), 614-619. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000341
  28. Fink, D. S., Gradus, J. L., Keyes, K. M., Koenen, K. C., Allen, B. C., Amstadter, A. B. (2018). Subthreshold PTSD and PTSD in a prospective-longitudinal cohort of military personnel: Potential targets for preventive interventions. Depression and Anxiety, 35(11), 1048-1055. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22819 Foa, E. B. (2000). Psychosocial treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(5), 43-51.
  29. Foa, E. B., Keane, T. M., Friedman, M. J., Cohen, J. A. (2009). Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Guilford Press.
  30. Goenjian, A. K., Steinberg, A. M., Najarian, L. M., Fairbanks, L. A., Tashjian, M., Pynoos, R. S. (2000). Prospective study of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive reactions after earthquake and political violence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(6), 911-916. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.911
  31. Golitaleb, M., Mazaheri, E., Bonyadi, M., Sahebi, A. (2022). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder after flood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 890671. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.890671
  32. Greiner, C., Ono, K., Otoguro, C., Chiba, K., Ota, N. (2016). Intervention for the maintenance and improvement of physical function and quality of life among elderly disaster victims of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Applied Nursing Research, 31, 154-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2016.02.006
  33. Gültekin, İ., Durmuş, E. (2024). Erkek Rolü Normlarının Psikolojik Yardım Arama Engelleriyle İlişkisi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (60), 316-336. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.1198597 Hamblen, J. L., Norman, S. B., Sonis, J. H., Phelps, A. J., Bisson, J. I., Nunes, V. D., Schnurr, P. P. (2019). A guide to guidelines for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: An update. Psychotherapy, 56(3), 359-373. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000231
  34. Harada, N., Shigemura, J., Tanichi, M., Kawaida, K., Takahashi, S., Yasukata, F. (2015). Mental health and psychological impacts from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster: A systematic literature review. Disaster and Military Medicine, 1, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40696-015-0006-9
  35. Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., Welch, V. A. (Eds.). (2024). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.
  36. Hisli Şahin, N., Batıgün, A. D., Şahin, N. H. (2011). A psycho-educational school-based intervention model for earthquake survivors: An empirical study of an 8-session group therapy. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 12(1), 229-243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765610395624
  37. Kar, N. (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A review. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 7, 167-181. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S10389
  38. Karancı, N., İkizer, G. (2017). Afet Psikolojisi: Tarihçe, Temel İlkeler ve Uygulamalar. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Psychology-Special Topics, 2(3), 163-171. Karancı, A. N., Rüstemli, A. (1995). Psychological consequences of the 1992 Erzincan (Turkey) earthquake. Disasters, 19(1), 8-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00328.x
  39. İlhan, B., Berikol, G. B., Eroğlu, O., & Deniz, T. (2023). Prevalence and associated risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of the 2023 Turkey earthquake. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 72, 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2023.07.026
  40. Keya, T. A., Leela, A., Habib, N., Rashid, M., Bakthavatchalam, P., Habib, N. (2023). Mental health disorders due to disaster exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus, 15(4), e37031. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37031
  41. Kılıç, M. (2008). Afetlerde psikososyal hizmetlerin etkililiği: Türk Kızılayı ve 2005 Pakistan depremi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kocaeli Üniversitesi.
  42. Kılıç, N., Şimşek, N. (2018). Psychological first aid and nursing. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 9(3), 212-218. https://doi.org/10.14744/phd.2017.76376
  43. Kimmerling, R., Pruitt, K., Alvarez, J. (2009). Women and disasters. In Neria, Y., Galea, S., Norris, F. (Eds.), Mental Health and Disasters (pp. 203–217). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511730030.012
  44. Kılıç, C., Ulusoy, M. (2003). Psychological effects of the November 1999 earthquake in Turkey: An epidemiological study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(3), 232-238. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00119.x
  45. Kline, A. C., Cooper, A. A., Rytwinski, N. K., Feeny, N. C. (2018). Long-term efficacy of psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 30-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.009
  46. Konuk, E., Knipe, J., Eke, I., Yüksek, H., Yurtsever, A., Ostep, S. (2006). The effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy on posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of the 1999 Marmara, Turkey, earthquake. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(3), 291-308. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.13.3.291
  47. Krupnick, J. L., Green, B. L. (2008). Psychoeducation to prevent PTSD: A paucity of evidence. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 71(4), 329-331. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2008.71.4.329
  48. Kukuoğlu, A. (2018). Doğal Afetler Sonrasi Yaşanan Travmalar ve Örnek Bir Psikoeğitim Programi. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 1(1), 39-52. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.412005.
  49. Leiva-Bianchi, M., Cornejo, F., Fresno, A., Rojas, C., Serrano, C. (2018). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy for post-disaster distress in post-traumatic stress symptoms after Chilean earthquake and tsunami. Gaceta Sanitaria, 32, 291-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2017.07.018
  50. Lewis, C., Roberts, N. P., Andrew, M., Starling, E., Bisson, J. I. (2020). Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1729633. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1729633
  51. Liness, S., Beale, S., Lea, S., Byrne, S., Hirsch, C. R., Clark, D. M. (2019). Multi-professional IAPT CBT training: Clinical competence and patient outcomes. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 47(6), 672-685. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465819000360
  52. Lopes, A. P., Macedo, T. F., Coutinho, E. S. F., Figueira, I., Ventura, P. R. (2014). Systematic review of the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy related treatments for victims of natural disasters: A worldwide problem. PLoS ONE, 9(10), e109013. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109013
  53. Mavranezouli, I., Megnin-Viggars, O., Daly, C., Dias, S., Welton, N. J., Katikireddi, S. V., Pilling, S. (2020). Psychological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: A network meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 50(4), 542-555. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720000070
  54. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
  55. Molloy, M. A. (1999). Anxiety and related disorders. In: Fortinash, K. M., Holoday-Worret, P. A. (Eds.), Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing (pp. 227–245). Mosby Inc., St. Louis.
  56. Moriyama, N., Omata, J., Sato, R., Okazaki, K., Yasumura, S. (2020). Effectiveness of group exercise intervention on subjective well-being and health-related quality of life of older residents in restoration public housing after the Great East Japan Earthquake: A cluster randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 46, 101630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101630 Mukba, G., Tanrıverdi, S., Tanhan, F. (2020). Investigation of the efficacy of EMDR in earthquake trauma: Case report. Çukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 49(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.14812/cufej.567439
  57. Neria, Y., Nandi, A., N., Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 38(4), 467-480. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001353
  58. North, C. S., Pfefferbaum, B. (2013). Mental health response to community disasters: A systematic review. JAMA, 310(5), 507-518. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.107799
  59. Oflaz, F., Hatipoğlu, S., Aydın, H. (2008). Effectiveness of psychoeducation intervention on post‐traumatic stress disorder and coping styles of earthquake survivors. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(5), 677-687. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02047.x
  60. Okuyama, J., Funakoshi, S., Tomita, H., Yamaguchi, T., Matsuoka, H. (2017). School-based interventions aimed at the prevention and treatment of adolescents affected by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake: A three-year longitudinal study. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 242(3), 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.242.203 Ozen, S., Sir, A. (2004). Frequency of PTSD in a group of search and rescue workers two months after 2003 Bingol (Turkey) earthquake. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(8), 573-575. https://doi.org 10.1097/01.nmd.0000135573.47316.67
  61. Peplau, H. E. (1991). Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: A Conceptual Frame of Reference for Psychodynamic Nursing (2nd ed.). Springer Publishing Company.
  62. Resick, P. A., Straud, C. L., Wachen, J. S., LoSavio, S. T., Peterson, A. L., McGeary, D. D., STRONG STAR Consortium, Consortium to Alleviate PTSD. (2023). A comparison of the CAPS-5 and PCL-5 to assess PTSD in military and veteran treatment-seeking samples. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 14(2), 2222608. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2023.2222608 Richter, C. F. (1935). An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25 (1): 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0250010001.
  63. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Trauma and Justice Strategic Initiative. SAMHSA's working definition of trauma and guidance for trauma-informed approach. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2012.
  64. Şahin, N. H., Batıgün, A. D., Yılmaz, B. (2009). Debriefing with teachers after the Marmara earthquake: An evaluation study 1. Disasters, 33(4), 747-761. https://doi.org 10.1111/j.1467-7717.2009.01107.x.
  65. Shapiro, F. (2014). The role of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in medicine: Addressing the psychological and physical symptoms stemming from adverse life experiences. The Permanente Journal, 18(1), 71-77. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/13-098
  66. Şalcıoğlu, E., Başoğlu, M. (2008). Psychological effects of earthquakes in children: Prospects for brief behavioral treatment. World Journal of Pediatrics, 4(3), 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-008-0032-8
  67. Şalcıoğlu, E., Başoğlu, M., Livanou, M. (2007). Effects of live exposure on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of reduced behavioral avoidance in improvement. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(10), 2268-2279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.012
  68. Şavur, E., Tomas, S. A. (2010). Terör olayları sonrasında psikososyal destek hizmetleri. Kriz Dergisi, 18(1), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000310
  69. Tolin, D. F., Foa, E. B. (2006). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 959-992. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959
  70. Uğurlu, N., Akça, L., Acartürk, C. (2016). An art therapy intervention for symptoms of post-traumatic stress, depression, and anxiety among Syrian refugee children. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 11(2), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2016.1181288 URL 1, http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/deprem-bilgileri/buyuk-depremler/ (Son Erişim: 19.03.2023)
  71. Van Dis, E. A., Van Veen, S. C., Hagenaars, M. A., Batelaan, N. M., Bockting, C. L., Van Den Heuvel, R. M., Penninx, B. W., Van Der Wee, N. J., Cuijpers, P. (2020). Long-term outcomes of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety-related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(3), 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3986
  72. Watts, B. V., Schnurr, P. P., Mayo, L., Young-Xu, Y., Weeks, W. B., Friedman, M. J. (2013). Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74(6), 11710. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13r08765
  73. Weber, H., Maihofer, A. X., Jaksic, N., Bojic, E. F., Kucukalic, S., Dzananovic, E. S., Uka, A. G., Hoxha, B., Haxhibeqiri, V., Ajdukovic, D., vd. (2022). Association of polygenic risk scores, traumatic life events and coping strategies with war-related PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity in the South Eastern Europe (SEE)-PTSD cohort. Journal of Neural Transmission, 129(5-6), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-021-02446-5.
  74. Weathers, F. W., Bovin, M. J., Lee, D. J., Sloan, D. M., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Keane, T. M., Marx, B. P. (2018). The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychological Assessment, 30(3), 383-395. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000486
  75. Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., Davidson, J. R. (2001). Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale: A review of the first ten years of research. Depression and Anxiety, 13(3), 132-156. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.1029
  76. Whitworth, J. D. (2016). The role of psychoeducation in trauma recovery: Recommendations for content and delivery. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 13(5), 442-451. https://doi.org/10.1080/23761407.2016.1166852
  77. Wilson, G., Farrell, D., Barron, I., Hutchins, J., Whybrow, D., Kiernan, M. D. (2018). The use of eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in treating post-traumatic stress disorder—A systematic narrative review. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 923. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00923
  78. Xian-Yu, C. Y., Deng, N. J., Zhang, J., Li, H. Y., Gao, T. Y., Zhang, C., Gong, Q. Q. (2022). Cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder: Meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 308, 502-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.104
  79. Yasa, K. P., Satria, R., Harta, I. K. A. P., Sudarma, I. W., Semadi, I. N. (2023). Comparison of trauma scoring system in predicting post-surgical fixation outcomes of traumatic rib fracture. Bali Medical Journal, 12(1), 878- 883. https://doi.org https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i1.4141.
  80. Yazawa, A., Aida, J., Kondo, K., Kawachi, I. (2022). Gender differences in risk of posttraumatic stress symptoms after disaster among older people: Differential exposure or differential vulnerability? Journal of Affective Disorders, 297, 447-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.094
  81. Yurtsever, A., Bakalim, O., Karaman, Ş., Kaya, S., Konuk, E. (2022). The effect of the online eye movement desensitization and reprocessing early intervention protocol (EMDR R-TEP) for the risk groups with post-traumatic stress symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 935782. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.935782