Journals / Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2

Teaching Math Skills to Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Descriptive and Meta-Analysis in Single Case Research Designs

Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Bireylere Matematik Becerilerini Öğretimi: Tek-Denekli Araştırmalarda Betimsel ve Meta Analiz

Orhan Aydın(ANADOLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-9695-2414
Elif Tekin İftar(ANADOLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-5512-616X
Pages
383–426
Publication Date
2020-06-01
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Results showed that 10 research studies classified as “acceptable” in terms of meeting quality indicators developed by Horner et al. (2005).

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The present study aims to evaluate the single-case experimental studies on teaching math skills to individuals with autism spectrum disorders in terms of (a) quality indicators developed by Horner et al. (2005), (b) descriptive analysis of the variables used in these studies, and (c) effect sizes of the interventions to decide whether they are evidence-based.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Various databased were searched and the analyses were conducted for 26 studies.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Results showed that 10 research studies classified as “acceptable” in terms of meeting quality indicators developed by Horner et al. (2005).
🔬Design:Derleme
📍Scope:2005 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Otizm spektrum bozukluğu · matematik · tek-denekli araştırmalar

Abstract

The present study aims to evaluate the single-case experimental studies on teaching math skills to individuals with autism spectrum disorders in terms of (a) quality indicators developed by Horner et al. (2005), (b) descriptive analysis of the variables used in these studies, and (c) effect sizes of the interventions to decide whether they are evidence-based. Various databased were searched and the analyses were conducted for 26 studies. Results showed that 10 research studies classified as “acceptable” in terms of meeting quality indicators developed by Horner et al. (2005). The effect sizes of tese studies were calculated (Tau-U and PND) and results showed that visual presentation instructions and strategy-based instructions are the promising instructions in teaching math skills to individuals with autism. Based on the findings, future research needs and recommendations to the practitioners are discussed.

Özet

Bu çalışmanın amacı otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireylere matematik becerilerinin öğretimini hedefleyen tekdenekli deneysel çalışmaları; (a) Horner ve diğerlerinin 2005 yılında geliştirdikleri “Tek-denekli Deneysel Araştırmaların Niteliksel Göstergeleri” yönergesi açısından değerlendirmek, (b) kapsamlı betimsel analizlerini gerçekleştirmek ve (c) etki büyüklüklerinin hesaplanarak bu uygulamaların bilimsel dayanaklı uygulamalar olup olmadıklarını değerlendirmektir. Bu kapsamında çeşitli veri tabanları taranarak elde edilen 26 çalışmanın analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular, 10 çalışmanın Horner ve diğerleri tarafından önerilen niteliksel göstergeler kapsamında “kabul edilebilir” düzeyde olduğu yönündedir. “Kabul edilebilir” düzeyde değerlendirilen çalışmaların etki büyüklükleri elde edilmiş ve görsel sunum temelli ve strateji temelli uygulamaların otizmli bireylere çeşitli matematik becerilerinin öğretiminde umut vaat eden uygulamalar olduğu görülmüştür. Elde edilen bilgiler alanyazın dikkate alınarak tartışılmış ve uygulamacılara ve araştırmacılara yönelik birtakım önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

🔖

Cite This Article

Aydın, O., İftar, E. T. (2020). Teaching Math Skills to Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Descriptive and Meta-Analysis in Single Case Research Designs. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 383–426. https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.521232

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (96)

  1. Dahil edilen çalışmalar
  2. Dışlanan çalışmalar
  3. Adcock, J., & Cuvo, A. J. (2009). Enhancing learning for children with autism spectrum disorders in regular education by instructional modifications. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3, 319-328. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2008.07.004
  4. Akmanoğlu, N., & Batu, S. (2004). Teaching pointing to individuals with autism using simultaneous prompting. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 39, 326–336.
  5. Alcantara, P. R. (1994). Effects of videotape instructional package on purchasing skills of children with autism. Exceptional Children, 61, 40-55. doi: 10.1177/001440299406100105
  6. Ault, M. J., Wolery, M., Gast, D. L., Doyle, P. M., & Eizenstat, V. (1988). Comparison of response prompting procedures in teaching numeral identification to autistic subjects. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 627-636. doi: 0162-3257/88/1200-0627506.00/
  7. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3. Baskı). Washington, DC: Author.
  8. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4. Revize Edilmiş Baskı). Washington, DC: Author.
  9. American Psychiatric Association, (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5. Baskı). Washington, DC: Author.
  10. Bae, Y. S., Chiang, H. M., & Hickson, L. (2015). Mathematical word problem solving ability of children with autism spectrum disorder and their typically developing peers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 2200-2208. doi: 10.1007/s10803-015-2387-8
  11. Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z.,. & Durkin, M. S. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 year. Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67, 1-23.
  12. Banda, D. R., & Kubina Jr, R. M. (2009). Increasing academic compliance with mathematics tasks using the high-preference strategy with a student with autism. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 54, 81-85. doi: 10.1080/10459880903217564
  13. Barbeau, J., McLaughlin, T. F., & Neyman, J. (2015). The delayed effects of implementing a modified copy, cover, compare procedure with hand over hand prompting and dot to dot tracing to teach basic shapes to a three-year-old child with level one autism. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2, 456-462.
  14. Barnett, J. E. H., & Cleary, S. (2015). Review of evidence-based mathematics interventions for students with autism spectrum disorders. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 50, 172-185.
  15. Batu, S. (2008). Caregiver-delivered home-based instruction using simultaneous prompting for teaching home skills to individuals with developmental disabilities. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 43, 541-555.
  16. Batu, S. E., Bozkurt, F., & Öncül, N. (2014). Görsel destek ile öğretilen eşzamanlı ipucuyla öğretimin annelerin otizmli çocuklarına beceri öğretmelerindeki etkililiği. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39, 91-104. doi: 10.15390/EB.2014.2367
  17. Berry, D. (2007). The effectiveness of the touch math curriculum to teach addition and subtraction to elementary aged students identified with autism. https://touchmath.com/pdf/TouchmathAutism.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2017)
  18. Bouck, E. C., Satsangi, R., Doughty, T. T., & Courtney, W. T. (2014). Virtual and concrete manipulatives: A comparison of approaches for solving mathematics problems for students with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 180-193. doi: 10.1007/s10803-013-1863-2
  19. Burney, S. L. (2015). Interventions to improve student achievement in mathematics for middle school students with autism. http://kb.gcsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=eds (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2018)
  20. Burton, C. E., Anderson, D. H., Prater, M. A., & Dyches, T. T. (2013). Video self-modeling on an iPad to teach functional math skills to adolescents with autism and intellectual disability. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 28, 67-77. doi: 10.1177/1088357613478829
  21. Cavkaytar, A. (1999). Zihin engellilere özbakım ve ev içi becerilerinin öğretiminde bir aile eğitimi programının etkililiği. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 2, 40-50.
  22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years-autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, DC: 2002), 63(2), 1-21.
  23. Chiang, H. M., & Lin, Y. H. (2007). Mathematical ability of students with Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism a review of literature. Autism, 11, 547-556. doi: 10.1177/1362361307083259
  24. Cihak, D. F., & Foust, J. L. (2008). Comparing number lines and touch points to teach addition facts to students with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 21, 131-137. doi: 10.1177/1088357608318950
  25. Cihak, D. F., & Grim, J. (2008). Teaching students with autism spectrum disorder and moderate intellectual disabilities to use counting-on strategies to enhance independent purchasing skills. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2, 716-727. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2008.02.006
  26. Cihak, D. F., Wright, R., & Ayres, K. M. (2010). Use of self-modeling static-picture prompts via a handheld computer to facilitate self-monitoring in the general education classroom. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 45, 136-149.
  27. Collins, B. C., Hager, K. L., & Galloway, C. C. (2011). Addition of functional content during core content instruction with students with moderate disabilities. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 46, 22-39.
  28. Coolican, J., Smith, I. M., & Bryson, S. E. (2010). Brief parent training in pivotal response treatment for preschoolers with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 1321-1330. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02326.x
  29. Crockett, J. B., & Kauffman, J. M. (2013). The least restrictive environment: Its origins and interpretations in special education. New York: Routledge.
  30. Eichel, A., Montgomery, D. J., & Young, C. A. (2007). Math interventions for a student with autism. Summer Student Research Project. Nebraska: Kearney University**Fletcher, D., Boon, R. T., & Cihak, D. F. (2010). Effects of the touchmath program compared to a number line strategy to teach addition facts to middle school students with moderate intellectual disabilities. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 45, 449-458.
  31. Gardill, M. C., & Browder, D. M. (1995). Teaching stimulus classes to encourage independent purchasing by students with severe behavior disorders. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 30, 254- 264.
  32. Gevarter, C., Bryant, D. P., Bryant, B., Watkins, L., Zamora, C., & Sammarco, N. (2016). Mathematics interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 3, 224-238. doi: 10.1007/s40489-016-0078-9
  33. Goldstein, G., Minshew, N. J., & Siegel, D. J. (1994). Age differences in academic achievement in high-functioning autistic individuals. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 671-680. doi: 10.1080/01688639408402680
  34. Griswold, D. E., Barnhill, G. P., Myles, B. S., Hagiwara, T., & Simpson, R. L. (2002). Asperger syndrome and academic achievement. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 17, 94-102.
  35. Haring, T. G., Kennedy, C. H., Adams, M. J., & Pitts-Conway, V. (1987). Teaching generalization of purchasing skills across community settings to autistic youth using videotape modeling. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 89-96.
  36. Holifield, C., Goodman, J., Hazelkorn, M., & Heflin, L. J. (2010). Using self- monitoring to increase attending to task and academic accuracy in children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 25, 230-238. doi: 10.1177/1088357610380137
  37. Horner, R. H., Carr, E. G., Halle, J., McGee, G., Odom, S., & Wolery, M. (2005). The use of single-subject research to identify evidence-based practice in special education. Exceptional Children, 71, 165-179.
  38. Hua, Y., Morgan, B. S., Kaldenberg, E. R., & Goo, M. (2012). Cognitive strategy instruction for functional mathematical skill: Effects for young adults with intellectual disability. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 47, 345-358.
  39. Huang, H. F., Lai, L., & Rivera, H. J. (2010). Using an exploratory approach to help children with autism learn mathematics. Creative Education, 1, 149-153. doi: 10.4236/ce.2010.13023
  40. Jimenez, B. A., & Kemmery, M. (2013). Building the early numeracy skills of students with moderate intellectual disability. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 48, 479- 490.
  41. Jowett, E. L., Moore, D. W., & Anderson, A. (2012). Using an iPad-based video modelling package to teach numeracy skills to a child with an autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 15, 304-312. doi: 10.3109/17518423.2012.682168
  42. Kamps, D. M., Locke, P., Delquadri, J., & Hall, R. V. (1989). Increasing academic skills of students with autism using fifth grade peers as tutors. Education and Treatment of Children, 12, 38-51.
  43. Kellems, R. O., Frandsen, K., Hansen, B., Gabrielsen, T., Clarke, B., Simons, K., & Clements, K. (2016). Teaching multi-step math skills to adults with disabilities via video prompting. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 58, 31-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.08.013
  44. King, S. A., Lemons, C. J., & Davidson, K. A. (2016). Math interventions for students with autism spectrum disorder: A best-evidence synthesis. Exceptional Children, 82, 443-462. doi: 10.1177/0014402915625066
  45. Knight, V., McKissick, B. R., & Saunders, A. (2013). A review of technology-based interventions to teach academic skills to students with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 2628–2648. doi: 10.1007/s10803-013-1814-y
  46. Leaf, J. B., Sheldon, J. B., & Sherman, J. A. (2010). Comparison of simultaneous prompting and no‐ no prompting in two-choice discrimination learning with children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43, 215-228. doi: 10.1901/jaba.2010.43-215
  47. Legge, D. B., DeBar, R. M., & Alber-Morgan, S. R. (2010). The effects of self-monitoring with a MotivAider® on the on-task behavior of fifth and sixth graders with autism and other disabilities. Journal of Behavior Assessment and Intervention in Children, 1, 43-52.
  48. Levingston, H. B., Neef, N. A., & Cihon, T. M. (2009). The effects of teaching precurrent behaviors on children’s solution of multiplication and division word problems. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42, 361-367. doi: 10.1901/jaba.2009.42-361
  49. Mayes, S. D., & Calhoun, S. L. (2003a). Analysis of WISC-III, Stanford-Binet: IV, and academic achievement test scores in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 329-341.
  50. Mayes, S. D., & Calhoun, S. L. (2003b). Ability profiles in children with autism influence of age and IQ. Autism, 7, 65-80.
  51. McEvoy, M. A., & Brady, M. P. (1988). Contingent access to play materials as an academic motivator for autistic and behavior disordered children. Education and Treatment of Children, 11, 5-18.
  52. Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. (2. Baskı). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  53. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (2009). İlköğretim matematik dersi 1-5. sınıflar öğretim programı. Ankara: Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı.
  54. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (2015). İlkokul matematik dersi (1, 2, 3 ve 4. sınıflar) öğreti̇m programı. Ankara: Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı.
  55. Minshew, N. J., Goldstein, G., Taylor, H. G., & Siegel, D. J. (1994). Academic achievement in high functioning autistic individuals. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 261-270. doi: 10.1080/01688639408402637
  56. Morrison, K., & Rosales-Ruiz, J. (1997) The effect of object preferences on task performance and stereotype in a child with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 18, 127-137.
  57. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.
  58. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. (2006). Curriculum focal points for prekindergarten through Grade 8 mathematics: A quest for coherence. Reston, VA: Author.
  59. Neely, L., Rispoli, M., Camargo, S., Davis, H., & Boles, M. (2013). The effect of instructional use of an iPad® on challenging behavior and academic engagement for two students with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7, 509-516. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2012.12.004
  60. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, 20 U.S.C. § 6301 et seq. (2006).
  61. Olive, M. L., & Franco, J. H. (2008). (Effect) size matters: And so does the calculation. The Behavior Analyst Today, 9, 5-10.
  62. Özcan, N., & Cavkaytar, A. (2009). Parents as teachers: Teaching parents how to teach toilet skills to their children with autism and mental retardation. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 44, 237-243.
  63. Parker, R. I., & Vannest, K. (2009). An improved effect size for single-case research: Nonoverlap of all pairs. Behavior Therapy, 40, 357-367.
  64. Parker, R. I., Vannest, K. J., Davis, J. L., & Sauber, S. B. (2011). Combining nonoverlap and trend for single-case research: Tau-U. Behavior Therapy, 42, 284-299. doi: 10.1177/0145445511399147
  65. Polychronis, S. C., McDonnell, J., Johnson, J. W., Riesen, T., & Jameson, M. (2004). A comparison of two trial distribution schedules in embedded instruction. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 19, 140-151.
  66. Rapp, J. T., Marvin, K. L., Nystedt, A., Swanson, G. J., Paananen, L., & Tabatt, J. (2012). Response repetition as an error correction procedure for acquisition of math facts and math computation. Behavioral Interventions, 27, 16-32. doi: 10.1002/bin.342
  67. Reichow, B., Volkmar, F. R., & Cicchetti, D. V. (2008). Development of the evaluative method for evaluating and determining evidence-based practices in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1311-1319. doi: 10.1007/s10803-007-0517-7
  68. Rice, C. E., Rosanoff, M., Dawson, G., Durkin, M. S., Croen, L. A., Singer, A., & Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (2012). Evaluating changes in the prevalence of the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Public Health Reviews, 34, 1-22. doi: 10.1007/s10803-015-2380-2
  69. Rockwell, S. B. (2012). Teaching students with autism to solve additive word problems using schema-based strategy instruction. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Florida: Florida Üniversitesi.
  70. Rockwell, S. B., Griffin, C. C., & Jones, H. A. (2011). Schema-based strategy instruction in mathematics and the word problem-solving performance of a student with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 26, 87–95. doi: 10.1177/1088357611405039
  71. Root, J. R., Browder, D. M., Saunders, A. F., & Lo, Y. Y. (2017). Schema-based instruction with concrete and virtual mani pulatives to teach problem solving to students with autism. Remedial and Special Education, 38, 42-52. doi: 10.1177/0741932516643592
  72. Sansosti, J. M., & Sansosti, F. J. (2012). Inclusion for students with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: Definitions and decision making. Psychology in the Schools, 49, 917-931. doi: 10.1002/pits.21652
  73. Schatz, R. B., Peterson, R. K., & Bellini, S. (2016). The use of video self-modeling to increase on-task behavior in children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 32, 234-253. doi: 10.1080/15377903.2016.1183542
  74. Scruggs, T. E., & Mastropieri, M. A. (2001). How to summarize single participant research: Ideas and applications. Exceptionality, 9, 227-244. doi: 10.1207/S15327035EX0904_5
  75. Scruggs, T. E., Mastropieri, M. A., & Casto, G. (1987). The quantitative synthesis of single-subject research methodology and validation. Remedial and Special Education, 8, 24-33. doi: 10.1177/074193258700800206
  76. Seung, H. K., Ashwell, S., Elder, J. H., & Valcante, G. (2006). Verbal communication outcomes in children with autism after in‐home father training. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 139-150. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00767.x
  77. Shadish, W. R., Brasil, I. C. C., Illingworth, D. A., White, K. D., Galindo, R., Nagler, E. D., & Rindskopf, D. M. (2009). Using UnGraph® to extract data from image files: Verification of Reliability and Validity. Behavior Research Methods, 41,177-183. doi: 10.3758/BRM.41.1.177
  78. Smith, A. (2003). Scientifically based research and evidence-based education: A federal policy context. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 28, 126-32.
  79. Spencer, V. G., Evmenova, A. S., Boon, R. T., & Hayes-Harris, L. (2014). Review of research-based interventions for students with autism spectrum disorders in content area instruction: Implications and considerations for classroom practice. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 49, 331-353.**Tan, P., & Alant, E. (2016). Using peer-mediated instruction to support communication involving a student with autism during mathematics activities: A case study. Assistive Technology, 28, 1-7. doi: 10.1080/10400435.2016.1223209
  80. Tekin-İftar, E. (2008). Parent-delivered community based instruction with simultaneous prompting for teaching community skills to children with developmental disabilities. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 43, 249-265.
  81. Tekin-İftar, E., Olcay-Gül, S., & Collins, B. C. (2018). Descriptive analysis and meta Analysis of studies investigating the effectiveness of simultaneous prompting procedure. Exceptional Children, 1-19. doi: 10.1177/0014402918795702
  82. Tekin-İftar, E., Olcay-Gül, S., Şirin, N., Bilmez, H., & Değirmenci, H. D., (2018). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireylere yönelik güvenlik becerilerinin öğretimi çalışmalarının kapsamlı değerlendirilmesi ve meta analizi [Comprehensive assessments and meta-analysis of works which the teaching security skills for individuals with autism spectrum disorders] (Proje No: 1608E588). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi.
  83. Tiger, J. H., Bouxsein, K. J., & Fisher, W. W. (2007). Treating excessively slow responding of a young man with Asperger Syndrome using differential reinforcement of short response latencies. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40, 559–563. doi: 10.1901/jaba.2007.40-559
  84. Travers, J. C. (2017). Evaluating claims to avoid pseudoscientific and unproven practices in special education. Intervention in School and Clinic, 52, 195-203. Doi: 10.1177/1053451216659466Troyb, E., Orinstein, A., Tyson, K., Helt, M., Eigsti, I. M., Stevens, M., & Fein, D. (2014). Academic abilities in children and adolescents with a history of autism spectrum disorders who have achieved optimal outcomes. Autism, 18, 233-243. doi: 10.1177/1362361312473519
  85. Waters, H. E., & Boon, R. T. (2011). Teaching money computation skills to high school students with mild intellectual disabilities via the TouchMath program: A multi-sensory approach. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 46, 544–555.
  86. Wei, X., Christiano, E. R., Yu, J. W., Wagner, M., & Spiker, D. (2014). Reading and math achievement profiles and longitudinal growth trajectories of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 19, 1-11. doi: 10.1177/1362361313516549
  87. Weng, P. L., & Bouck, E. C. (2014). Using video prompting via iPads to teach price comparison to adolescents with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8, 1405-1415. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2014.06.014
  88. Whitby, P. J. S. (2009). The effects of a modified learning strategy on the multiple step mathematical word problem solving ability of middle school students with high-functioning autism or asperger’s syndrome. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Florida: Merkezi Florida Üniversitesi.
  89. Whitby, P. J. (2013). The effects of Solve It! on the mathematical word problem solving ability of adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 28, 78-88. doi: 10.1177/1088357612468764
  90. Whitby, P. J. S., & Mancil, G. R. (2009). Academic achievement profiles of children with high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome: A review of the literature. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 44, 551-560.
  91. Williams, D. L., Goldstein, G., Kojkowski, N., & Minshew, N. J. (2008). Do individuals with high functioning autism have the IQ profile associated with nonverbal learning disability? Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2, 353- 361. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2007.08.005
  92. Wong, C., Odom, S. L., Hume, K. A., Cox, A. W., Fettig, A., Kucharczyk, S.,. & Schultz, T. R. (2015). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 1951-1966. doi: 10.1007/s10803-014-2351-z
  93. Yakubova, G., Hughes, E. M., & Hornberger, E. (2015). Video-based intervention in teaching fraction problem-solving to students with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 2865-2875. doi: 10.1007/s10803-015-2449-y
  94. Yıkmış, A. (2016). Effectiveness of the touch math technique in teaching basic addition to children with autism. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 16, 1005-1025. doi: 10.12738/estp.2016.3.2057
  95. Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z.,. & Durkin, M. S. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 year. Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67, 1-23.
  96. Wong, C., Odom, S. L., Hume, K. A., Cox, A. W., Fettig, A., Kucharczyk, S.,. & Schultz, T. R. (2015). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 1951-1966. doi: 10.1007/s10803-014-2351-z