SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1

Examination of Communication Skills in Children with Cochlear Implants and Hearing Children

Koklear İmplantlı ve İşiten Çocukların İletişim Becerilerinin İncelenmesi

Esra Genç(TOKAT GAZİOSMANPAŞA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ, ÖZEL EĞİTİM BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0002-9229-1452
Yıldız Uzuner(ANADOLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ, ÖZEL EĞİTİM BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0001-6477-2593
Pages
77–93
Publication Date
2026-03-01
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Findings: Children with cochlear implants demonstrated similar performance to children with normal hearing in the overall ICSI score.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Introduction: This study aims to compare the communication skills of children with hearing loss who use cochlear implants with those of children with normal hearing and to identify the variables associated with the communication skills of cochlear implant users.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The study sample consisted of children with normal hearing (n = 14) and children with cochlear implants (n = 14), all between the ages of 3.0 and 5.11.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Findings: Children with cochlear implants demonstrated similar performance to children with normal hearing in the overall ICSI score.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Dikkat yöneltme · sıra alma · iletişimsel işlevler

Abstract

Introduction: This study aims to compare the communication skills of children with hearing loss who use cochlear implants with those of children with normal hearing and to identify the variables associated with the communication skills of cochlear implant users. Method: As the study investigated the effect of a natural difference between participant groups on a dependent variable, it was designed using a causal-comparative model. The study sample consisted of children with normal hearing (n = 14) and children with cochlear implants (n = 14), all between the ages of 3.0 and 5.11. The data were collected using the Informal Communication Skills Inventory (ICSI). Findings: Children with cochlear implants demonstrated similar performance to children with normal hearing in the overall ICSI score. A significant difference was found in favour of the cochlear implant group only in the Imitation checklist. No significant group differences were observed in the checklists for directing attention, communicative purposes, turn-taking, form of conversation, or function of conversation. Variables associated with the communication skills of children with cochlear implants included the following demographic and audiological factors: family income, mother's employment and educational background, time spent with the father, father’s age, age at diagnosis, number of implants, duration of cochlear implant use, duration of hearing aid use before implantation, combined duration of hearing aid and implant use, and the duration and frequency of parental training. Discussion: It is considered that the early and optimal auditory benefit received by cochlear implant users is the main reason for their comparable performance with children with normal hearing. Conclusion and Suggestions: Although cochlear implants provide access to auditory stimuli, this access must begin as early as possible and be supported by total usage duration and appropriate educational interventions. Moreover, other audiological and demographic factors affecting the development of communication skills should also be taken into consideration.

Özet

Giriş: Bu çalışmada koklear implantlı işitme kayıplı çocuklar ve normal işiten çocukların iletişim becerilerini karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemek ve koklear implant kullanıcısı çocukların iletişim becerileriyle ilişkili değişkenleri belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Katılımcı gruplar arasında doğal farklılığın bağımlı değişken üzerindeki etkisi incelenmesi nedeniyle çalışma nedensel karşılaştırmalı model olarak tasarlanmıştır. Çalışmaya takvim yaşı 3.0-5.11 olan işiten çocuklar (n = 14) ve koklear implantlı çocuklar (n = 14) katılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri Formel Olmayan İletişim Becerileri Envanteri (FOİBE) ile toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Koklear implantlı çocuklar toplam FOİBE'de işiten çocuklarla benzer performans göstermişlerdir. Kontrol listelerinden yalnızca taklitte koklear implantlı çocuklar lehine fark çıkmıştır. Dikkati yöneltme, iletişimsel işlevler, sıra alma, sohbetin yapısı ve işlevi kontrol listelerinde gruplar arasında fark görülmemiştir. Koklear implant kullanıcısı çocukların iletişim becerileriyle ilişkili değişkenleri incelendiğinde demografik değişkenlerden; aile geliri, anne çalışma ve öğrenim durumu, babayla birlikte geçirilen süre, babanın yaşı odyolojik değişkenlerden; tanılanma yaşı, koklear implant sayısı, kullanım süresi, implanttan önce işitme cihazı kullanım süresi, koklear implant ve işitme cihazı kullanım süresi, aile eğitimi alma süresi ve sıklığının ilişkili değişkenler oldukları görülmüştür. Tartışma: Koklear implant kullanıcısı çocukların işitme kaybı açısından erken dönemde ve olabildiğince en yüksek düzeyde fayda görmelerinin, normal işiten çocuklarla benzer performans göstermelerinin temel nedeni olduğu düşünülmektedir. Sonuç ve Öneriler: Koklear implant çocuklara işitsel uyaranlara erişim sağlasa da bu erişimin mümkün olduğunca erken başlaması gerektiği ve toplam erişim süresi ve uygun eğitimle desteklenmesi gibi iletişim becerilerinin gelişimini etkileyen diğer odyolojik ve demografik değişkenlerin de dikkate alınması gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Genç, E., Uzuner, Y. (2026). Examination of Communication Skills in Children with Cochlear Implants and Hearing Children. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 77–93. https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.1616830

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (84)

  1. Acar, F. M., Turan, Z., & Uzuner, Y. (2020). Being the father of a child who is deaf or hard of hearing. American Annals of the Deaf, 165(1), 72-113. https://doi.org/10.1353/aad.2020.0011
  2. Akçay, A. (2016). The effect of taking preschool education on the development of linguistic skills of the students. Journal of Turkish Studies, 11(3), 15-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.9333
  3. Apuzzo, M. L., & Yoshinaga-Itano, C. (1995). Early identification of infants with significant hearing loss and the Minnesota Child Development Inventory. Seminars in Hearing, 16(2), 124-135. https://doi.org/10.1055s-0028-1083710
  4. Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2010). Impairment in occupational functioning and adult ADHD: The predictive utility of executive function (EF) ratings versus EF tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25(3), 157-173. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acq014
  5. Barr, R., & Hayne, H. (2003). It's not what you know, it's who you know: Older siblings facilitate imitation during infancy. International Journal of Early Years Education, 11(1), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760304714
  6. Bat-Chava, Y., & Martin, D. (2002). Sibling relationships for deaf children: The impact of child and family characteristics. Rehabilitation Psychology, 47(1), 73-91. https://doi.org/10.1037/0090-5550.47.1.73
  7. Bates, E. (1976). Language and context the acquisition of pragmatics. Academic Press.
  8. Bloom, L., & Lahey, M. (1978). Language development and language disorder. Wiley.
  9. Boons, T., Brokx, J. P. L., Dhooge, I., Frijns, J. H. M., Peeraer, L., Vermeulen, A., Wouters, J., & Van Wieringen, A. (2012). Predictors of spoken language development following pediatric cochlear implantation. Ear and Hearing, 33(5), 617-639. https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182503e47
  10. Bortfeld, H., & Oghalai, J. S. (2018). Joint attention in hearing parent-deaf child and hearing parent-hearing child dyads. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems, 12(2), 243-249. https:/doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2018.2877658
  11. Brinich, P. M. (1980). Childhood deafness and maternal control. Journal of Communication Disorders, 13(1), 75- 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9924(80)90024-6
  12. Brooks, R., Singleton, J. L., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2019). Enhanced gaze‐following behavior in deaf infants of deaf parents. Developmental Science, 23(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12900
  13. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2017). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (23. baskı). Pegem.
  14. Cardon, T. A., & Wilcox, M. J. (2011). Promoting imitation in young children with autism: A comparison of reciprocal imitation training and video modeling. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 654-666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1086-8
  15. Caskey, M., Stephens, B., Tucker, R., & Vohr, B. (2011). Importance of parent talk on the development of preterm infant vocalizations. Pediatrics, 128(5), 910-916. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0609
  16. Ching, T. Y. C. (2015). Is early intervention effective in improving spoken language outcomes of children with congenital hearing loss? American Journal of Audiology, 24(3), 345-348. https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_AJA-15-0007
  17. Ching, T. Y. C., Dillon, H., Marnane, V., Hou, S., Day, J., Seeto, M., Crowe, K., Street, L., Thomson, J., Van Buynder, P., Zhang, V., Wong, A., Burns, L., Flynn, C., Cupples, L., Cowan, R. S. C., Leigh, G., Sjahalam-King, J., & Yeh, A. (2013). Outcomes of early-and late-identified children at 3 years of age: Findings from a prospective population-based study. Ear Hear, 34(5), 535-552. https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182857718
  18. Church, A., Paatsch, L., & Toe, D. (2017). Some trouble with repair: Conversations between children with cochlear implants and hearing peers. Discourse Studies, 19(1), 49-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445616683592
  19. Cleary, M., Dillon, C., & Pisoni, D. B. (2002). Imitation of nonwords by deaf children after cochlear implantation: Preliminary findings. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, 111(5 Supp.), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/00034894021110S519
  20. Coggins, T. E., & Carpenter, R. L. (1981). The communicative intention inventory: A system for observing and coding children’s early intentional communication. Applied Psycholinguistics, 2(3), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400006536
  21. Cole, E. B. (1992). Listening and talking: A guide to promoting spoken language in young hearing-impaired children. AG Bell Association for the Deaf.
  22. Cole, E. B., & St Clair-Stokes, J. (1984). Caregiver-child interactive behaviors: A videotape analysis procedure. Volta Review, 86(4), 200-216. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ299594
  23. Curtin, M., Herman, R., Cruice, M., & Morgan, G. (2021). Assessing parent-child interaction in infant deafness. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, 29(3), 200-203. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOO.0000000000000710
  24. Curtiss, S., Prutting, C. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1979). Pragmatic and semantic development in young children with impaired hearing. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 22(3), 534-552. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2203.534
  25. Dammeyer, J. (2012). A longitudinal study of pragmatic language development in three children with cochlear implants. Deafness & Education International, 14(4), 217-232. https://doi.org/10.1179/1464315412Z.00000000024
  26. Davidson, L. S., Geers, A. E., Uchanski, R. M., & Firszt, J. B. (2019). Effects of early acoustic hearing on speech perception and language for pediatric cochlear implant recipients. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62(9), 3620-3637. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-H-18-0255
  27. Day, P. S. (1986). Deaf children’s expression of communicative intentions. Journal of Communication Disorders, 19(5), 367-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9924(86)90027-4
  28. DeVito, J. A. (2016). The interpersonal communication book (14th ed.). Pearson.
  29. Dewart, H., & Summers, S. (1995). The pragmatics profile of everyday communication skills in children. Nfer- Nelson.
  30. Dore, J. (1974). A pragmatic description of early language development. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 3(4), 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01068169
  31. Ertürk-Mustul, E. (2020). Aile eğitiminde farklı yaklaşımlar: Doğal işitsel sözel yöntem ve aile eğitimi uygulamaları. Z. Turan (Ed.), İşitme kayıplı çocuklar için aile eğitimi: 0-3 yaş içinde (ss. 64-81). Pegem Akademi.
  32. Fitzpatrick, E., Squires, B., & Bird, E. K. R. (2020). What’s that you say? Communication breakdowns and their repairs in children who are deaf or hard of hearing. The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 25(4), 490-504. https://doi.org/10.1093/deafed/enaa010
  33. Genç, E., & Uzuner, Y. (2023) Developing and inventory to evaluate communication skills of children with normal hearing and hearing loss. In A. K. Salmon & A. Clavijo-Olarte (Eds.) Handbook of research on socio-cultural and linguistic perspectives on language and literacy development (pp. 190-214). IGI Global.
  34. Genç, E., Uzuner, Y., & Genç, T. (2017). İşitme kayıplı bir çocuğun çeşitli bağlamlarda kullandığı iletişimsel işlevlerin incelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 18(3), 355- 381. https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.331086
  35. Goberis, D., Beams, D., Dalpes, M., Abrisch, A., Baca, R., & Yoshinaga-Itano, C. (2012). The missing link in language development of deaf and hard of hearing children: Pragmatic language development. Seminars in Speech and Language, 33(4), 297-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1326916
  36. Gratier, M., Devouche, E., Guellai, B., Infanti, R., Yilmaz, E., & Parlato-Oliveira, E. (2015). Early development of turn-taking in vocal interaction between mothers and infants. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1167), 236-245. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01167
  37. Harrigan, S., & Nikolopoulos, T. P. (2002). Parent interaction course in order to enhance communication skills between parents and children following pediatric cochlear implantation. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 66(2), 161-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-5876(02)00243-4
  38. Hayes, H., Geers, A. E., Treiman, R., & Moog, J. S. (2009). Receptive vocabulary development in deaf children with cochlear implants: Achievement in an intensive auditory-oral educational setting. Ear and Hearing, 30(1), 128-135. https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181926524
  39. Hoff, E. (2003). The specificity of environmental influence: Socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development via maternal speech. Child Development, 74(5), 1368-1378. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00612
  40. Holzinger, D., Dall, M., Sanduvete-Chaves, S., Saldaña, D., Chacón-Moscoso, S., & Fellinger, J. (2020). The impact of family environment on language development of children with cochlear implants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ear and Hearing, 41(5), 1077-1091. https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0000000000000852
  41. Houston, D. M., Stewart, J., Moberly, A., Hollich, G., & Miyamoto, R. T. (2012). Word learning in deaf children with cochlear implants: Effects of early auditory experience. Developmental Science, 15(3), 448-461. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01140.x
  42. Huttenlocher, J., Vasilyeva, M., Waterfall, H. R., Vevea, J. L., & Hedges, L. V. (2007). The varieties of speech to young children. Developmental Psychology, 43(5), 1062-1083. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1062
  43. Jones, M. (2007). Çocuk ve oyun (2. baskı) (A. Çayır, Çev.). Kaknüs.(Orijinal kitabın yayın tarihi 1994)
  44. Jones, S. S. (2009). The development of imitation in infancy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1528), 2325-2335. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0045
  45. Koegel, R. L., & Koegel, L. K. (2006). Pivotal response treatments for autism: Communication, social, & academic development. Paul H Brookes Publishing.
  46. Kondaurova, M. V., Fagan, M. K., & Zheng, Q. (2020). Vocal imitation between mothers and their children with cochlear implants. Infancy, 25(6), 827-850. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12363
  47. Kondaurova, M. V., Smith, N. A., Zheng, Q., Reed, J., & Fagan, M. K. (2020). Vocal turn-taking between mothers and their children with cochlear implants. Ear and Hearing, 41(2), 362-373. https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0000000000000769
  48. Lederberg, A. R., & Everhart, V. S. (2000). Conversations between deaf children and their hearing mothers: Pragmatic and dialogic characteristics. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 5(4), 303-322. https://doi.org/10.1093/deafed/5.4.303
  49. Luinge, M. R., Post, W. J., Wit, H. P., & Goorhuis-Brouwer, S. M. (2006). The ordering of milestones in language development for children from 1 to 6 years of age. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49(5), 923-940. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2006/06
  50. MacGowan, T. L., Tasker, S. L., & Schmidt, L. A. (2021). Differences in established joint attention in hearing‐hearing and hearing‐deaf mother‐child dyads: Associations with social competence, settings, and tasks. Child Development, 92(4), 1388-1402. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13474
  51. McLoughlin, J. A., & Lewis, R. B. (2005). Assessing students with special needs (6th ed.). Prentice Hall.
  52. Meadow-Orlans, K. P. (1997). Effects of mother and infant hearing status on interactions at twelve and eighteen months. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 2(1), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.deafed.a014307
  53. Meinzen-Derr, J., Wiley, S., & Choo, D. J. (2011) Impact of early intervention on expressive and receptive language development among young children with permanent hearing loss. American Annals of the Deaf, 155(5), 580-596. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26235114
  54. Meltzoff, A. N. (1985). Immediate and deferred imitation in fourteen-and twenty-four-month-old infants. Child Development, 56(1), 62-72. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130174
  55. Mills, G. E., & Gay, L. R., (2019). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and application (12th ed.). Pearson.
  56. Most, T. (2002). The use of repair strategies by children with and without hearing impairment. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 33(2), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2002/009)
  57. Most, T., Shina-August, E., & Meilijson, S. (2010). Pragmatic abilities of children with hearing loss using cochlear implants or hearing aids compared to hearing children, The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 15(4), 422-437. https://doi.org/10.1093/deafed/enq032
  58. Movallali, G., Dousti, M., & Abedi-Shapourabadi, S. (2015). The effectiveness of positive parenting program (triple P) on mental health of parents of hearing impaired children. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 5(5), 286-290. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17266.12489
  59. Nicholas, J. G., & Geers, A. E. (2006). Effects of early auditory experience on the spoken language of deaf children at 3 years of age. Ear and hearing, 27(3), 286-298. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aud.0000215973.76912.c6
  60. Ostojić, S., Đoković, S., Dimić, N., & Mikić, B. (2011). Cochlear implant-speech and language development in deaf and hard of hearing children following implantation. Vojnosanitetski Pregled, 68(4), 349-352. https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP1104349O
  61. Otto, B. (2021). Erken çocukluk eğitiminde dil gelişimi [Language development in early childhood] (F. Turan & G. Akoğlu, Çev.). Nobel. (Orijinal kitabın yayın tarihi 2018)
  62. Owens, R. E. (2008). Language development an introduction (7th ed.). Pearson.
  63. Pallant, J. (2017). SPSS kullanma kılavuzu: SPSS ile adım veri analizi [SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS]. (S. Balcı & B. Ahi, Çev.). Anı Yayıncılık. (Orijinal kitabın yayın tarihi 2015)
  64. Pieterse, M., Treloar, R., & Cairns, S. (1996). Küçük adımlar gelişimsel geriliği olan çocuklara yönelik erken eğitim programı [Small steps early intervention program]. (Y. Uzuner & G. Kırcaali-İftar, Çev.). Destek Eğitim Programı Zihinsel Özürlülere Destek Derneği. (Orijinal kitabın yayın tarihi 1989)
  65. Quittner, A. L., Smith, L. B., Osberger, M. J., Mitchell, T. V., & Katz, D. B. (1994). The impact of audition on the development of visual attention. Psychological Science, 5(6), 347-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00284.x
  66. Rogers, S. J., Young, G. S., Cook, I., Giolzetti, A., & Ozonoff, S. (2008). Deferred and immediate imitation in regressive and early onset autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 449-457. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01866.x
  67. Roth, F. P., & Speakman, N. J. (1984). Assessing the pragmatic abilities of children: Part 1. Organizational framework and assessment parameters. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 49(1), 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.4901.02
  68. Rudge, A. M. (2020). Expressive vocabulary development in very young children who are deaf or hard of hearing. [Doctoral dissertation, Washington University]. https://www.proquest.com/openviewbf0e20c1805810406cbcb4249b5cbf4f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
  69. Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn taking for conversation. Language, 50(4), 696-735. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-623550-0.50008-2
  70. Shekari, E., Nakhshab, M., Valinejad, V., Modarres-Zadeh, A., & Hosseinpour, A. (2017). A systematic review of the effectiveness of early intervention and the role of parents in language development of hearing loss children. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, 15(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.18869/nrip.irj.15.1.5
  71. Sönmez, V., & Alacapınar, G. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde ölçme aracı hazırlama. Anı Yayıncılık.
  72. Stone, P. (1988). Blueprint for developing conversational competence: A planning/instruction model with detailed scenarios. AG Bell Association for the Deaf.
  73. Tait, M., De Raeve, L., & Nikolopoulos, T. P. (2007). Deaf children with cochlear implants before the age of 1 year: Comparison of preverbal communication with normally hearing children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 71(10), 1605-1611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.07.003
  74. Tasker, S. L., Nowakowski, M. E., & Schmidt, L. A. (2010). Joint attention and social competence in deaf children with cochlear implants. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 22(5), 509-532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-010-9189-x
  75. Toe, D., Beattie, R., & Barr, M. (2007). The development of pragmatic skills in children who are severely and profoundly deaf. Deafness & Education International, 9(2), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1179/146431507790560011
  76. Toe, D. M., & Paatsch, L. E. (2013) The conversational skills of school-aged children with cochlear implants, Cochlear Implants International, 14(2), 67-79. https://doi.org/10.1179/1754762812Y.0000000002
  77. Tomblin, J. B., Oleson, J. J., Ambrose, S. E., Walker, E., & Moeller, M. P. (2014). The influence of hearing aids on the speech and language development of children with hearing loss. JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 140(5), 403-409. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2014.267
  78. Walker, E. A., Redfern, A., & Oleson, J. J. (2019). Linear mixed-model analysis to examine longitudinal trajectories in vocabulary depth and breadth in children who are hard of hearing. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62(3), 525-542. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-L-ASTM-18-0250
  79. Wang, D. J., Trehub, S. E., Volkova, A., & Van Lieshout, P. (2013). Child implant users' imitation of happy-and sad-sounding speech. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00351
  80. Wang, Z., Zhu, X., Fong, F. T., Meng, J., & Wang, H. (2020). Over imitation of children with cochlear implants or hearing aids in comparison with children with normal hearing. Infants & Young Children, 33(1), 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0000000000000157
  81. Wedell-Monnig, J., & Lumley, J. M. (1980). Child deafness and mother-child interaction. Child Development, 51(3), 766-774. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129463
  82. Yıldırım, A., & Koçak, N. (2016). Okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarından yararlanmayan 4-5 yaş çocuklarının dil gelişimini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. Eğitim, Bilim ve Teknoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 133-143. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/314410
  83. Yont, K. M., Snow, C. E., & Vernon-Feagans, L. (2003). The role of context in mother-child interactions: An analysis of communicative intents expressed during toy play and book reading with 12-month-olds. Journal of Pragmatics, 35(3), 435-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00144-3
  84. Zaghlawan, H. (2011). A parent-implemented intervention to improve spontaneous imitation by young children with autism [Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois]. https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/26290