SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Psikoloji Çalışmaları / 2026 / Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1

Evaluation of Emotional Recognition Memory in the Scope of Consolidation and Encoding Processes

Duygusal Tanıma Belleğinin Sağlamlaşma ve Kodlama Aşamaları Temelinde İncelenmesi

Sinem Söylemez(Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Psikoloji Bölümü, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Muradiye Kampüsü, Manisa, Türkiye)0000-0002-3785-9340
Berk Yaşuk(İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Psikoloji Bölümü, İzmir, Türkiye)0000-0002-1613-8755
Mesut Tanko Tanko(The University of Sheffield, Faculty of Science, MSc Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Sheffield, United Kingdom)0000-0002-2966-3196
Aycan Kapucu(Ege Üniversitesi, Psikoloji Bölümü, Edebiyat Fakültesi, İzmir, Türkiye)0000-0001-7340-9876
Pages
247–278
Publication Date
2021-02-08
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

However, the finding that emotion causes poorer recognition accuracy and higher liberal response bias in both experiments suggests that the function of emotion in memory may be the provision of liberal response bias rather than accuracy.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Emotional and neutral stimuli may differ in recognition memory.
📊
Key Findings & Data:In Experiment 1, the effects of different retention intervals and an interference task were tested.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:However, the finding that emotion causes poorer recognition accuracy and higher liberal response bias in both experiments suggests that the function of emotion in memory may be the provision of liberal response bias rather than accuracy.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Duygusal bellek · sağlamlaşma · kodlama

Abstract

Emotional and neutral stimuli may differ in recognition memory. Research focusing on consolidation and encoding processes has offered several explanations of this differentiation. In this study, two experiments were conducted to test how recognition memory differs from emotional and neutral stimuli in the light of these explanations. In Experiment 1, the effects of different retention intervals and an interference task were tested. Consolidation studies claim that both retention intervals and interference tasks provide memory advantages for emotional stimuli compared to neutral stimuli. In Experiment 2, the effects of presentation style (pure or mixed lists) and semantic relatedness were tested and were suggested as effective during the encoding process. Experiment 1 included 120 student participants and 60 students participated in Experiment 2. Participants’ recognition memory performance was measured using signal detection analysis. Data from Experiment 1 indicated that neither the retention interval nor the interference task had significant effects on emotional recognition memory. However, emotion had a significant effect because participants presented a more liberal response bias toward emotional than neutral words and demonstrated a poorer recognition of these words than the neutral ones. Experiment 2 indicated that neither the presentation style nor semantic relatedness had significant effects on emotional recognition memory. On the other hand, emotion had a significant effect consistent with the first experiment. The liberal response bias shift and poorer recognition accuracy of emotional compared to neutral words were replicated. As a result, these two experiments using signal detection analysis demonstrated that the variables expected to be effective during the consolidation and encoding processes did not affect emotional recognition memory. However, the finding that emotion causes poorer recognition accuracy and higher liberal response bias in both experiments suggests that the function of emotion in memory may be the provision of liberal response bias rather than accuracy.

Özet

Duygusal ve nötr uyaranlar tanıma belleği bakımından farklılaşabilmektedir. Sağlamlaşma ve kodlama süreçlerine odaklanan çalışmalar söz konusu farklılaşmaya ilişkin çeşitli açıklamalar getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, tanıma belleğinin duygusal ve nötr uyaranlar için ne şekilde farklılaştığını söz konusu açıklamalar doğrultusunda incelemek üzere iki ayrı deney yapılmıştır. Birinci deneyde zaman aralığının ve karıştırıcı görevin etkisi incelenmiştir; sağlamlaşma çalışmaları hem zaman aralığının hem de engelleme görevinin duygusal uyaranlara, nötr uyaranlara kıyasla bellek avantajı sağladığını göstermektedir. İkinci deneyde ise sunum şeklinin (tekli veya karışık) ve semantik ilişkiselliğin etkileri test edilmiştir; bu değişkenlerin kodlama aşamasında etkili olduğu öne sürülmektedir. Birinci deneye 120, ikinci deneye 60 kişi katılmış; katılımcıların tanıma belleği performansı sinyal tespit analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Birinci deney zaman aralığı ve karıştırıcı görevin duygusal tanıma belleği üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığını göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte duygunun anlamlı bir etkisi bulunmuş ve katılımcıların nötr kelimelere kıyasla duygusal kelimelere yönelik olarak liberal tepki yanlılığı gösterdiği, bu kelimeleri daha kötü tanıdıkları görülmüştür. İkinci deney ise semantik ilişkisellik ve liste türünün duygusal bellek üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığını göstermiştir. Öte yandan birinci deneyle tutarlı olarak duygunun anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Duygusal kelimelere yönelik olarak liberal tepki yanlılığı gösterildiği ve bu kelimelerin nötr olanlara kıyasla daha kötü tanındığı bulgusu yinelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, sinyal tespit analizi ile değerlendirilen bu iki deneyde sağlamlaşma ve kodlama aşamasında etkili olması beklenen değişkenlerin tanıma belleğini etkilemediği gösterilmiştir. Bununla birlikte her iki deneyde de duygunun düşük tanıma doğruluğu ve yüksek liberal tepki yanlılığına neden olması, duygunun bellekteki işlevinin doğruluktan ziyade liberal tepki yanlılığı sağlamak olabileceğine işaret etmektedir

🔖

Cite This Article

Söylemez, S., Yaşuk, B., Tanko, M. T., Kapucu, A. (2021). Evaluation of Emotional Recognition Memory in the Scope of Consolidation and Encoding Processes. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1, 247–278. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-0125

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (47)

  1. Anderson, A. K., Wais, P. E. ve Gabrieli, J. D. (2006). Emotion enhances remembrance of neutral events past. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(5), 1599-1604. google scholar
  2. Been, M., Jans, B. ve De Weerd, P. (2011). Time-limited consolidation and task interference: No direct link. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(42), 14944-14951. google scholar
  3. Brainerd, C. J., Stein, L. M., Silveira, R. A., Rohenkohl, G. ve Reyna, V. F. (2008). How does negative emotion cause false memories?. Psychological Science, 19(9), 919-925. google scholar
  4. Buchanan, T. W., Etzel, J. A., Adolphs, R. ve Tranel, D. (2006). The influence of autonomic arousal and semantic relatedness on memory for emotional words. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 61(1), 26-33. google scholar
  5. Cahill, L. ve McGaugh, J. L. (1998). Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends in Neurosciences, 21(7), 294-299. google scholar
  6. Chapman, H. A., Johannes, K., Poppenk, J. L., Moscovitch, M. ve Anderson, A. K. 2013). Evidence for the differential salience of disgust and fear in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(4), 1100-1112. google scholar
  7. Cocenas-Silva, R., Bueno, J. L. O. ve Droit-Volet, S. (2013). Emotion and long-term memory for duration: Resistance against interference. Behavioural Processes, 97, 6-10. google scholar
  8. DeSchepper, B. ve Treisman, A. (1996). Visual memory for novel shapes: Implicit coding without attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(1), 27-47. google scholar
  9. Dougal, S. ve Rotello, C. M. (2007). “Remembering” emotional words is based on response bias, not recollection. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(3), 423-429. google scholar
  10. Dudai, Y. (1996). Consolidation: Fragility on the road to the engram. Neuron, 17(3), 367-370. google scholar
  11. Dudai, Y. (2004). The neurobiology of consolidations, or, how stable is the engram?. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 51-86. google scholar
  12. Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, 98(45-60), 45-61. google scholar
  13. Göz, İ. (2003). Yazılı Türkçenin kelime sıklığı sözlüğü. Türk Dil Kurumu: Ankara. Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T. ve Rapson, R. L. (1992). Primitive emotional contagion. Review Of Personality and Social Psychology, 14, 151-177. google scholar
  14. Hunt, R. R. ve McDaniel, M. A. (1993). The enigma of organization and distinctiveness. Journal of Memory and Language, 32(4), 421-445. google scholar
  15. Kapucu, A., Kılıç, A., Özkılıç, Y. ve Sarıbaz, B. (2018). Turkish emotional word norms for arousal, valence, and discrete emotion categories. Psychological Reports, 0033294118814722. google scholar
  16. Kapucu, A., Rotello, C. M., Ready, R. E. ve Seidl, K. N. (2008). Response bias in” remembering” emotional stimuli: A new perspective on age differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(3), 703-711. google scholar
  17. Karaaslan, A., Siakir-Oglou, N. ve Kapucu, A. (2019). Duygusal uyarılmışlığın tanıma belleği üzerindeki ketleyici etkisi: Nesne içi ve Nesneler arası bağlantıların karşılaştırılması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 39(2), 1-2. google scholar
  18. Kleinsmith, L. J. ve Kaplan, S. (1963). Paired-associate learning as a function of arousal and interpolated interval. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(2), 190-193. google scholar
  19. Lechner, H. A., Squire, L. R. ve Byrne, J. H. (1999). 100 years of consolidation-remembering Müller and Pilzecker. Learning & Memory, 6(2), 77-87. google scholar
  20. Lynn, S. K., ve Barrett, L. F. (2014). “Utilizing” signal detection theory. Psychological Science, 25(9), 1663-1673. google scholar
  21. Macmillan, N. A. ve Creelman, C. D. (2005). Detection theory: A user’s guide (2. baskı). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. google scholar
  22. Maquet, P. (2001). The role of sleep in learning and memory. Science, 294(5544), 1048-1052. google scholar
  23. Maratos, E. J., Allan, K. ve Rugg, M. D. (2000). Recognition memory for emotionally negative and neutral words: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia, 38(11), 1452- 1465. google scholar
  24. Mather, M. (2007). Emotional arousal and memory binding: An object-based framework. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(1), 33-52. google scholar
  25. Mather, M., Gorlick M. ve Nesmith, K. (2009). The limits of arousal’s memory impairing effects on nearby information. The American Journal of Psychology, 122(3), 349-369. google scholar
  26. Mathöt, S., Schreij, D. ve Theeuwes, J. (2012). OpenSesame: An open-source, graphical experiment builder for the social sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 44(2), 314-324. google scholar
  27. McGaugh, J. L. (2004). The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 1-28. google scholar
  28. McGaugh, J. L. (2018). Emotional arousal regulation of memory consolidation. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 55-60. google scholar
  29. Nielson, K. A. ve Powless, M. (2007). Positive and negative sources of emotional arousal enhance long-term word-list retention when induced as long as 30 min after learning. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 88(1), 40-47. google scholar
  30. Park, J. (2005). Effect of arousal and retention delay on memory: A meta analysis. Psychological Reports, 97(2), 339-355. google scholar
  31. Posner, J., Russell, J. A. ve Peterson, B. S. (2005). The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 17(3), 715-734. google scholar
  32. Rasch, B. ve Born, J. (2013). About sleep’s role in memory. Physiological Reviews, 93(2), 681-766. google scholar
  33. Robertson, E. M. (2012). New insights in human memory interference and consolidation. Current Biology, 22(2), 66-71. google scholar
  34. Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161-1178. google scholar
  35. Schmidt, S. R. ve Schmidt, C. R. (2016). The emotional carryover effect in memory for words. Memory, 24(7), 916-938. google scholar
  36. Sharot, T. ve Yonelinas, A. P. (2008). Differential time-dependent effects of emotion on recollective experience and memory for contextual information. Cognition, 106(1), 538-547. google scholar
  37. Snodgrass, J. G. ve Corwin, J. (1988). Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117(1), 34-50. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.117.1.34 google scholar
  38. Stickgold, R. (2005). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Nature, 437(7063), 1272-1278. google scholar
  39. Talmi, D. (2013). Enhanced emotional memory: Cognitive and neural mechanisms. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(6), 430-436. google scholar
  40. Talmi, D., Luk, B. T., McGarry, L. M. ve Moscovitch, M. (2007). The contribution of relatedness and distinctiveness to emotionally-enhanced memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 56(4), 555574. google scholar
  41. Talmi, D. ve Moscovitch, M. (2004). Can semantic relatedness explain the enhancement of memory for emotional words?. Memory & Cognition, 32(5), 742-751. google scholar
  42. Talmi, D., Schimmack, U., Paterson, T. ve Moscovitch, M. (2007). The role of attention and relatedness in emotionally enhanced memory. Emotion, 7(1), 89-102. google scholar
  43. Tulving, E. ve Pearlstone, Z. (1966). Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words. Journal of Verbal Learning & Behavior, 5, 381-391. google scholar
  44. Tyng, C. M., Amin, H. U., Saad, M. N. ve Malik, A. S. (2017). The influences of emotion on learning and memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 14541476. google scholar
  45. Wagner, U., Hallschmid, M., Rasch, B. ve Born, J. (2006). Brief sleep after learning keeps emotional memories alive for years. Biological Psychiatry, 60(7), 788-790. google scholar
  46. Wang, B. (2014). Effect of time delay on recognition memory for pictures: The modulatory role of emotion. PLoS ONE, 9(6): e100238. google scholar
  47. White, C. N., Kapucu, A., Bruno, D., Rotello, C. M. ve Ratcliff, R. (2014). Memory bias for negative emotional words in recognition memory is driven by effects of category membership. Cognition & Emotion, 28(5), 867-880. google scholar