SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Psikoloji Çalışmaları / 2026 / Cilt: 44 Sayı: 2

Cortical Organization of Action and Object Naming in Turkish: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study

Türkçede Eylem ve Nesne Adlandırmanın Kortikal Organizasyonu: Transkraniyal Manyetik Uyarım Çalışması

Talat Bulut(Istanbul Medipol University, Department of Speech and Language Therapy)0000-0003-0904-9399
Gülkader Temiz(Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics)0000-0001-7944-9334
Pages
235–254
Publication Date
2024-08-14
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings suggest that actions and objects in Turkish can be dissociated in Broca’s area.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:It is controversial whether the linguistic distinction between nouns and verbs is reflected in the cortical organization of the lexicon.
📊
Key Findings & Data:In two experiments, low-frequency (1 Hz) inhibitory rTMS was administered at 100% of motor threshold for 10 minutes to suppress the activity of the left prefrontal cortex spanning Broca’s area or the left posterior temporal cortex spanning Wernicke’s area.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The findings suggest that actions and objects in Turkish can be dissociated in Broca’s area.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Adlar · eylemler · nesne adlandırma

Abstract

It is controversial whether the linguistic distinction between nouns and verbs is reflected in the cortical organization of the lexicon. Neuropsychological studies of aphasia and neuroimaging studies have associated the left prefrontal cortex, particularly Broca’s area, with verbs/actions, and the left posterior temporal cortex, particularly Wernicke’s area, with nouns/objects. However, more recent research has revealed that evidence for this distinction is inconsistent. Against this background, the present study employed low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to investigate the dissociation of action and object naming in Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas in Turkish. Thirty-six healthy adult participants took part in the study. In two experiments, low-frequency (1 Hz) inhibitory rTMS was administered at 100% of motor threshold for 10 minutes to suppress the activity of the left prefrontal cortex spanning Broca’s area or the left posterior temporal cortex spanning Wernicke’s area. A picture naming task involving objects and actions was employed before and after the stimulation sessions to examine any pre- to post-stimulation changes in naming latencies. Linear mixed models that included various psycholinguistic covariates including frequency, visual and conceptual complexity, age of acquisition, name agreement and word length were fitted to the data. The findings showed that conceptual complexity, age of acquisition of the target word and name agreement had a significant effect on naming latencies, which was consistent across both experiments. Critically, the findings significantly associated Broca’s area, but not Wernicke’s area, in the distinction between naming objects and actions. Suppression of Broca’s area led to a significant and robust increase in naming latencies (or slowdown) for objects and a marginally significant, but not robust, reduction in naming latencies (or speedup) for actions. The findings suggest that actions and objects in Turkish can be dissociated in Broca’s area.

Özet

Adlar ve eylemler arasındaki dilbilimsel ayrımın zihinsel sözlüğün kortikal temsilinde de geçerli olup olmadığı tartışma konusudur. Afaziye ilişkin nöropsikolojik araştırmalar ve nörogörüntüleme çalışmaları sol prefrontal korteksi, özellikle Broca alanını eylem/hareket belirten sözcüklerle ve sol posterior temporal korteksi, özellikle Wernicke alanını adlar/nesneler ile ilişkilendirmiştir. Bununla birlikte yakın zamanda gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar, bu ayrıma ilişkin kanıtlarının tutarsız olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Mevcut çalışma Türkçede Broca ve Wernicke alanlarının nesne ve eylemlerin işlemlenmesindeki rolünü araştırmak amacıyla düşük frekanslı tekrarlayan transkraniyal manyetik uyarım (tTMU) yöntemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmaya otuz altı sağlıklı yetişkin katılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen iki deneyde Broca alanını içeren sol prefrontal korteks veya Wernicke alanını içeren sol posterior temporal korteks aktivitesini baskılamak amacıyla düşük frekanslı (1 Hz) inhibitör tTMU motor eşiğin \%100’ü şiddetinde ve 10 dakika süreyle uygulanmıştır. Nesneleri ve eylemleri içeren resim adlandırma görevi kullanılarak uyarım öncesi ve sonrası adlandırma gecikmesindeki (latansındaki) değişiklik incelenmiştir. Adlandırma gecikmesi, resmin ekrana gelmesinden itibaren katılımcının resme karşılık olarak bir sözcük üretmeye başladığı zamana kadar geçen süre olarak hesaplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde sabit etkiler olarak sıklık, görsel ve kavramsal karmaşıklık, edinim yaşı, adlandırma uyumu ve sözcük uzunluğu dahil olmak üzere çeşitli psikodilbilimsel değişkenleri ve rastgele etkiler olarak da katılımcılar ve uyaranları içeren doğrusal karışık etki modelleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, kavramsal karmaşıklık, hedef sözcüğün edinim yaşı ve adlandırma uyumunun adlandırma gecikmesi üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca bulgular, nesne ve eylem adlandırma ayrımının Broca alanıyla ilişkili olduğunu, Wernicke alanının ise böyle bir ayrım sergilemediğini göstermiştir. Broca alanının baskılanması, nesnelerin adlandırılmasında anlamlı bir yavaşlamaya, eylemlerin adlandırılmasında ise marjinal olarak anlamlı bir hızlanmaya neden olmuştur. Bulgular, Türkçede eylem ve nesnelerin Broca alanında ayrıştığına, Wernicke alanında ise böyle bir ayrışma olmadığına işaret etmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Bulut, T., Temiz, G. (2024). Cortical Organization of Action and Object Naming in Turkish: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 2, 235–254. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2023-1279982

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (61)

  1. Aksan, Y., Aksan, M., Koltuksuz, A., Sezer, T., Mersinli, Ü., Demirhan, U. U., Yilmazer, H., Kurtoglu, Ö., Atasoy, G., Öz, S., & Yildiz, I. (2012). Construction of the Turkish national corpus (TNC). In N. Calzolari, K. Choukri, T. Declerck, M. U. Doğan, B. Maegaard, J. Mariani, A. Moreno, J. Odijk & S. Piperidis (Eds), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (pp. 3223-3227). European Language Resources Association. google scholar
  2. Altınkamış, N. F., Kern, S., & Sofu, H. (2014). When context matters more than language: Verb or noun in French and Turkish caregiver speech. First Language, 34(6), 537-550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142723714560179 google scholar
  3. Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001 google scholar
  4. Bates, D., Machler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 google scholar
  5. Bayram, E., Yilmaz, R., Qiu, Y., Yalap, O. E., Aydin, O., Ergenc, H. I., & Akbostanci, M. C. (2021). The effect of Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on verb and noun naming in Turkish-Speaking Parkinson’s disease patients. Brain and Language, 212 (1), Article 104865, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104865 google scholar
  6. Berlingeri, M., Crepaldi, D., Roberti, R., Scialfa, G., Luzzatti, C., & Paulesu, E. (2008). Nouns and verbs in the brain: Grammatical class and task specific effects as revealed by fMRI. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 25(4), 528-558. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643290701674943 google scholar
  7. Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2018). Praat: doing phonetics by computer [Computer program] Version 6.0. google scholar
  8. Box, G. E. P., & Cox, D. R. (1964). An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 26(2), 211-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x google scholar
  9. Breedin, S. D., Saffran, E. M., & Schwartz, M. F. (1998). Semantic factors in verb retrieval: An effect of complexity. Brain and Language, 63(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.1997.1923 google scholar
  10. Brown, V. A. (2021). An Introduction to linear mixed-effects modeling in R. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 4(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245920960351 google scholar
  11. Brysbaert, M., & New, B. (2009). Moving beyond Kucera and Francis: A critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 977-990. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.977 google scholar
  12. Caparelli, E., Backus, W., Telang, F., Wang, G.-J., Maloney, T., Goldstein, R., & Henn, F. (2012). Is 1 Hz rTMS always inhibitory in healthy individuals? The Open Neuroimaging Journal, 6, 69-74. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874440001206010069 google scholar
  13. Cappelletti, M., Fregni, F., Shapiro, K., Pascual-Leone, A., & Caramazza, A. (2008). Processing nouns and verbs in the left frontal cortex: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(4), 707-720. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20045 google scholar
  14. Caramazza, A., & Hillis, A. E. (1991). Lexical organization of nouns and verbs in the brain. Nature, 349(6312), 788-790. https://doi.org/10.1038/349788a0 google scholar
  15. Chen, R., Classen, J., Gerloff, C., Celnik, P., Wassermann, E. M., Hallett, M., & Cohen, L. G. (1997). Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology, 48(5), 1398-1403. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.48.5.1398 google scholar
  16. Choi, Y.-H., Park, H. K., & Paik, N.-J. (2015). Role of the posterior temporal lobe during language tasks. NeuroReport, 26(6), 314-319. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000000339 google scholar
  17. Crepaldi, D., Berlingeri, M., Cattinelli, I., Borghese, N. A., Luzzatti, C., & Paulesu, E. (2013). Clustering the lexicon in the brain: A meta-analysis of the neurofunctional evidence on noun and verb processing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(JUN), Article 303, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00303 google scholar
  18. Crepaldi, D., Berlingeri, M., Paulesu, E., & Luzzatti, C. (2011). A place for nouns and a place for verbs? A critical review of neurocognitive data on grammatical-class effects. Brain and Language, 116(1), 33-49. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.bandl.2010.09.005 google scholar
  19. Damasio, A. R., & Tranel, D. (1993). Nouns and verbs are retrieved with differently distributed neural systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 90(11), 4957-4960. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.11.4957 google scholar
  20. Di Lazzaro, V., Dileone, M., Pilato, F., Capone, F., Musumeci, G., Ranieri, F., Ricci, V., Bria, P., Di Iorio, R., de Waure, C., Pasqualetti, P., & Profice, P. (2011). Modulation of motor cortex neuronal networks by rTMS: Comparison of local and remote effects of six different protocols of stimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 105(5), 2150-2156. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00781.2010 google scholar
  21. Duncan, E. S., Pradeep, A., & Small, S. (2020). A review of biological interventions in chronic aphasia. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 23(8), 82. https://doi.org/10.4103/aian.AIAN_549_20 google scholar
  22. Eskioğlu, E. İ. (2022). Türkçe nesne ve eylem resimlerinin adlandırılması: Psikodilbilimsel veritabanı çalışması [Unpublished master’s thesis]. İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi. google scholar
  23. Faroqi-Shah, Y., Sebastian, R., & Woude, A. Vander. (2018). Neural representation of word categories is distinct in the temporal lobe: An activation likelihood analysis. Human Brain Mapping, 39(12), 4925-4938. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24334 google scholar
  24. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149 google scholar
  25. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. In Behavior Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 google scholar
  26. Fenson, L., Dale, P. S., Reznick, J. S., Bates, E., Thal, D. J., Pethick, S. J., Tomasello, M., Mervis, C. B., & Stiles, J. (1994). Variability in early communicative development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(5), 1-185. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166093 google scholar
  27. Goodglass, H., Klein, B., Carey, P., & Jones, K. (1966). Specific semantic word categories in aphasia. Cortex, 2(1), 74-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(66)80029-1 google scholar
  28. Holland, R., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2010). The anterior temporal lobe semantic hub is a part of the language neural network: Selective disruption of irregular past tense verbs by rTMS. Cerebral Cortex, 20(12), 2771-2775. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhq020 google scholar
  29. Jin, Y., & Hilgetag, C. C. (2008). Perturbation of visuospatial attention by high-frequency offline rTMS. Experimental Brain Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-008-1449-y google scholar
  30. Kauschke, C., Lee, H.-W., & Pae, S. (2007). Similarities and variation in noun and verb acquisition: A crosslinguistic study of children learning German, Korean, and Turkish. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(7), 1045-1072. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960701307348 google scholar
  31. Knecht, S., Flöel, A., Drager, B., Breitenstein, C., Sommer, J., Henningsen, H., Ringelstein, E. B., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2002). Degree of language lateralization determines susceptibility to unilateral brain lesions. Nature Neuroscience, 5(7), 695-699. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn868 google scholar
  32. Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.18637/JSS.V082.I13 google scholar
  33. Lenth, R. V. (2021). Emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R package version 1.6.2-1. google scholar
  34. Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99001776 google scholar
  35. Matuschek, H., Kliegl, R., Vasishth, S., Baayen, H., & Bates, D. (2017). Balancing Type I error and power in linear mixed models. Journal of Memory and Language, 94, 305-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.001 google scholar
  36. Matzig, S., Druks, J., Masterson, J., & Vigliocco, G. (2009). Noun and verb differences in picture naming: Past studies and new evidence. Cortex, 45(6), 738-758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2008.10.003 google scholar
  37. McCarthy, R., & Warrington, E. K. (1985). Category specificity in an agrammatic patient: The relative impairment of verb retrieval and comprehension. Neuropsychologia, 23(6), 709-727. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(85)90079-X google scholar
  38. Mottaghy, F. M., Gangitano, M., Sparing, R., Krause, B. J., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2002). Segregation of areas related to visual working memory in the prefrontal cortex revealed by rTMS. Cerebral Cortex, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/12.4.369 google scholar
  39. Oberman, L. (2014). Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) protocols. In Transcranial magnetic stimulation (1st ed., pp. 129-139). Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0879-0_7 google scholar
  40. Özcan, F. H., Altinkamiş, F., & Gillis, S. (2016). Early lexical composition of Turkish-Dutch bilinguals: Nouns before verbs or verbs before nouns. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 52(4), 583-604. https://doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2016-0023 google scholar
  41. Pascual-Leone, A., Walsh, V., & Rothwell, J. (2000). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience - virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 10(2), 232-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00081-7 google scholar
  42. Piras, F., & Marangolo, P. (2007). Noun-verb naming in aphasia: A voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping study. NeuroReport, 18(14), 1455-1458. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282ef6fc9 google scholar
  43. Pridmore, S., Fernandes Filho, J. A., Nahas, Z., Liberatos, C., & George, M. S. (1998). Motor threshold in transcranial magnetic stimulation. The Journal of ECT, 14(1), 25-27. https://doi.org/10.1097/00124509-199803000-00004 google scholar
  44. R Core Team. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. google scholar
  45. Repetto, C., Colombo, B., Cipresso, P., & Riva, G. (2013). The effects of rTMS over the primary motor cortex: The link between action and language. Neuropsychologia, 51(1), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.001 google scholar
  46. Rossi, S., Antal, A., Bestmann, S., Bikson, M., Brewer, C., Brockmöller, J., Carpenter, L. L., Cincotta, M., Chen, R., Daskalakis, J. D., Di Lazzaro, V., Fox, M. D., George, M. S., Gilbert, D., Kimiskidis, V. K., Koch, G., Ilmoniemi, R. J., Lefaucheur, J. P., Leocani, L.,. Hallett, M. (2021). Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines. Clinical Neurophysiology, 132(1), 269-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2020.10.003 google scholar
  47. Rossi, S., Hallett, M., Rossini, P. M., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2011). Screening questionnaire before TMS: An update. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122(8), 1686-1686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2010.12.037 google scholar
  48. Rossi, S., Hallett, M., Rossini, P. M., Pascual-Leone, A., Avanzini, G., Bestmann, S., Berardelli, A., Brewer, C., Canli, T., Cantello, R., Chen, R., Classen, J., Demitrack, M., Di Lazzaro, V., Epstein, C. M., George, M. S., Fregni, F., Ilmoniemi, R., Jalinous, R.,. Ziemann, U. (2009). Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clinical Neurophysiology, 120(12), 2008-2039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016 google scholar
  49. Shapiro, K. A., Pascual-leone, A., Mottaghy, F. M., Gangitano, M., & Caramazza, A. (2001). Grammatical distinctions in the left frontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(6), 713-720. https://doi.org/10.1162/08989290152541386 google scholar
  50. Siri, S., Tettamanti, M., Cappa, S. F., Rosa, P. Della, Saccuman, C., Scifo, P., & Vigliocco, G. (2008). The neural substrate of naming events: Effects of processing demands but not of grammatical class. Cerebral Cortex, 18(1), 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm043 google scholar
  51. Snodgrass, J. G., & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6(2), 174—215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.6.2.174 google scholar
  52. Sparing, R., Mottaghy, F. M., Hungs, M., Brügmann, M., Foltys, H., Huber, W., & Töpper, R. (2001). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation effects on language function depend on the stimulation parameters. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 18(4), 326-330. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-200107000-00004 google scholar
  53. Strijkers, K., Chanoine, V., Munding, D., Dubarry, A. S., Trebuchon, A., Badier, J. M., & Alario, F. X. (2019). Grammatical class modulates the (left) inferior frontal gyrus within 100 milliseconds when syntactic context is predictive. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41376-x google scholar
  54. Szekely, A., D’Amico, S., Devescovi, A., Federmeier, K., Herron, D., Iyer, G., Jacobsen, T., & Bates, E. (2003). Timed picture naming: Extended norms and validation against previous studies. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 35(4), 621-633. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195542 google scholar
  55. Szekely, A., D’Amico, S., Devescovi, A., Federmeier, K., Herron, D., Iyer, G., Jacobsen, T., Arevalo, A., Vargha, A., & Bates, E. (2005). Timed action and object naming. Cortex, 41(1), 7-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70174-6 google scholar
  56. Thielscher, A., Antunes, A., & Saturnino, G. B. (2015). Field modeling for transcranial magnetic stimulation: A useful tool to understand the physiological effects of TMS? In 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) (pp. 222-225). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2015.7318340 google scholar
  57. Ulusoy, S., & Kuruoğlu, G. (2013). Grammatical analysis of action and object naming skills of Turkish aphasic patients. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6(1), 1011-1031. https://doi.org/10.9761/jasss_549 google scholar
  58. Vigliocco, G., Vinson, D. P., Druks, J., Barber, H., & Cappa, S. F. (2011). Nouns and verbs in the brain: A review of behavioural, electrophysiological, neuropsychological and imaging studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 407-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.04.007 google scholar
  59. Vukovic, N., Feurra, M., Shpektor, A., Myachykov, A., & Shtyrov, Y. (2017). Primary motor cortex functionally contributes to language comprehension: An online rTMS study. Neuropsychologia, 96, 222-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.025 google scholar
  60. Rossi, S., Antal, A., Bestmann, S., Bikson, M., Brewer, C., Brockmöller, J., Carpenter, L. L., Cincotta, M., Chen, R., Daskalakis, J. D., Di Lazzaro, V., Fox, M. D., George, M. S., Gilbert, D., Kimiskidis, V. K., Koch, G., Ilmoniemi, R. J., Lefaucheur, J. P., Leocani, L.,. Hallett, M. (2021). Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines. Clinical Neurophysiology, 132(1), 269-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2020.10.003 google scholar
  61. Rossi, S., Hallett, M., Rossini, P. M., Pascual-Leone, A., Avanzini, G., Bestmann, S., Berardelli, A., Brewer, C., Canli, T., Cantello, R., Chen, R., Classen, J., Demitrack, M., Di Lazzaro, V., Epstein, C. M., George, M. S., Fregni, F., Ilmoniemi, R., Jalinous, R.,. Ziemann, U. (2009). Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clinical Neurophysiology, 120(12), 2008-2039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016 google scholar