SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Öneri Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 20 Sayı: 64

EVALUATİON OF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY BY FOREİGN AİD İN POOR COUNTRİES

YOKSUL ÜLKE EKONOMİLERİNDE DIŞ YARDIMLARLA KALKINMA STRATEJİSİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Bengü Doğangün Yasa(KOCAELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSADİ VE İDARİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ, İKTİSAT BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0003-4883-9449
Ümran Gümüş0000-0001-7538-6970
Mehmet Emin Yardımcı(KOCAELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-2896-8342
Pages
379–410
Publication Date
2025-07-27
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings show that the development strategy by foreign aid is not indispensable for economic development in some underdeveloped countries. lt also proves that development strategy by foreign aid may not benefit all poor countries.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Poverty traps are vicious circles,that cannot be overcome by the internal factors, that economic actors are caught in. ln the literature development models that argue that a development strategy by foreign aid is obligatory for underdeveloped and developing countries are frequently encountered.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The main aim of this study is to evaluate the importance of the development strategy by foreign aid in terms of realizing economic development in the economies of underdeveloped countries.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The findings show that the development strategy by foreign aid is not indispensable for economic development in some underdeveloped countries. lt also proves that development strategy by foreign aid may not benefit all poor countries.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Kalkınma ekonomisi · Kalkınma stratejileri · Yoksulluk tuzakları

Abstract

Poverty traps are vicious circles,that cannot be overcome by the internal factors, that economic actors are caught in. ln the literature development models that argue that a development strategy by foreign aid is obligatory for underdeveloped and developing countries are frequently encountered. These models state that economic development in poor countries is only possible by a big push mechanism financed by foreign aid. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the importance of the development strategy by foreign aid in terms of realizing economic development in the economies of underdeveloped countries. For this aim three different poverty traps are examined by three basic game theoretical models. The findings show that the development strategy by foreign aid is not indispensable for economic development in some underdeveloped countries. lt also proves that development strategy by foreign aid may not benefit all poor countries.

Özet

Yoksulluk tuzakları, iktisadi aktörlerin yakalandıkları içsel faktörlerle aşılamayacak kısır döngülerdir. Literatürde dış yardımla kalkınma stratejisinin azgelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için zorunlu olduğunu savunan kalkınma modellere sıklıkla rastlanmaktadır. Bu modeller, yoksul ülkelerde iktisadi kalkınmanın gerçekleştirilmesinin yalnızca dış yardımlarla finanse edilen bir büyük itiş mekanizmasıyla mümkün olduğunu belirtmektedirler. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, gelişmemiş ülke ekonomilerinde iktisadi kalkınmanın gerçekleştirilmesi açısından dış yardımla kalkınma stratejisinin öneminin değerlendirilmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda üç temel oyun teorik modelle üç farklı fakirlik tuzağı üzerinde inceleme yapılmaktadır. Bulgular, bazı azgelişmiş ülkelerde iktisadi kalkınmanın gerçekleştirilmesi için dış yardımlarla kalkınma stratejisinin olmazsa olmaz niteliğinde olmadığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca dış yardımla kalkınma stratejisinin bütün yoksul ülkelere fayda getiremeyebileceğini kanıtlamaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Yasa, B. D., Gümüş, Ü., Yardımcı, M. E. (2025). EVALUATİON OF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY BY FOREİGN AİD İN POOR COUNTRİES. Öneri Dergisi, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 64, 379–410. https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1544992

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (109)

  1. Abbas, A., Lu, F., Yaseen, M. & Ameen, M. (2024). Exploring the impact of foreign aid, agricultural production and corporate social responsibility on poverty reduction in Pakistan. World MDPI, 5(3), 570-587.
  2. Abdulhakeem, A. K. (2024). Revisiting the nexus between governance and poverty in sub-saharan Africa. Poverty and Public Policy, 16(3), 273-294.
  3. Aloa, R. O. & Alola, A. A. (2022). The role of foreign aids and ıncome inequality in poverty reduction: a sustainable development approach for Africa?. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 24, 456-469.
  4. Andersen, A. L., Johannesen, N. & Sheridan, A. (2024). Dynamic spending responses to wealth shocks: evidence from quasi lotteries on the stock market, AER Insights, 6(3), 434-452.
  5. Arshad, M., Pasha, S. H., Akram, N. & Hussain, N. (2023). Estimating aggregate economic rate of turn to foreign aid in Pakistan. SN Bussiness & Economic, 3(6): 1-19.
  6. Asente, G. N., Takyi, P. O. & Mensah, G. (2023). The impact of financial development on economic growth in sub-saharan Africa. Does institutional quality matter?. Development Studies Research, 10(1), 1-14.
  7. Azam, K. M. & Feng, Y. (2022). Does foreign aid stimulate economic growth in developing countries? further evidence in both aggregate and disaggregated samples. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, 56(2), 533-556.
  8. Ayele, Y., Edjigu, H. & Oostendorp, R. H. (2024). The differential impact of legal origins on firm productivity. Journal of Law and Economics, 67(3), 611-638. Banerjee, A., Breza, E., Chandrasekhar, G., Duflo, E., Jackson, M. O. & Kinnan, C. (2024). Changes in social network structure in response to exposure to formal credit markets. Review of Economic Studies, 91(3),1331-1372.
  9. Bari, F., Malik, K., Meki, M., & Quinn, S. (2024). Asset-Based microfinance for microenterprices. evidence from Pakistan. American Economic Review, 114(2), 534-574.
  10. Bartholomae, F. & Wiens, M. (2024). Game Theory and applications a guide for students and researchers. Wiesbaden: Springer.
  11. Beránek, B. & Titl, V. (2024). The cost of favoritism in public procumerent. Journal of Law and Economics, 67(2), 445-477.
  12. Bhattacharya, H. & Dugar, S. (2024). Can threats ımprove payoffs from bargaining in markets with retaliations? evidence from a field experiment. Games and Economic Behaviors, 148(4), 119-137.
  13. Billot, A. & Çu, X. (2022). Deliberative democracy and utilitarianism. Social Choice and Welfare, 63(3-4), 603-617.
  14. Bojanic, A. N. (2024). Foreign aid, economic growth and poverty reduction in Bolivia. The Journal of Developing Areas, 58(4), 189-220.
  15. Callander, S., Foarta, D. & Sugaya, T. (2024). The dynamics of a policy outcome: market response and bureaucratic enforcement of a policy change. American Journal of Political Science, 68(4), 1252-1265.
  16. Candel-Sanchez, F. (2021). On foreign aid effectiveness: when conditionality met ownership. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 25(3), 287-304.
  17. Cao, W. & Du, D. (2024). Does foreign aid play a role in promoting economic development? evidence from US aid. Applied Geography, 171, 103394.
  18. Carrilo, M. R., Chiariello, V., De Siano, R., & Pennacchio, L. (2024). Foreign aid and corruption: do women make the difference?. Italian Economic Journal. doi: 10.1007/s40797-023-00260-4
  19. Chen, H., Yu, J., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Qin, L. & Qin, M. (2024). How human capital prevents lntergenerational poverty transmission in rural China: evidence based on the Chinese general social survey. Journal of Rural Studies, 105, 103220.
  20. Chindengwike, J. D. (2024). Nexus between foreign assistance and economic growth in Tanzania. Sustainable Economies, 2(3), 1-12.
  21. Coase, R. H. (1960). The problem of social cost. Journal of Law and Economics, 3(1), 1-44.
  22. Cuortois, P., Nessah, R. & Tazdaït, T. (2024). Revolutions and rational choice: a critical discussion. Public Choice, 200(3-4), 497-529.
  23. Dagne, G. (2024). Impact of foreign aid on economic growth of Ethiopia. The Indian Economic Journal. doi:10.1177/00194662231213583
  24. Dancey, L., Henderson, J. & Sheagley, G. (2024). The personel vote in a polarized era. American Journal of Political Science, 68(4), 1479-1497.
  25. Danquah, B. & Ouattara, B. (2023). Aid and social cohesion. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 87, 118-131.
  26. Dash, R. K., Gupta, D. J. & Khandelwal, T. (2024). Revisited the role of foreign aid in capital formation: experience of South- Asian countries. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, 1-12.
  27. Ding, C., Khan, K. A., AbdulKareem, H. K. K., Kumar, S., Minani, L. M. & Abbas, S. (2024). Towards a healthier future for the achievement of SDGs: unveiling the effects of agricultural financing, energy poverty, human capital and corruption on malnutrition. Humanities& Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1241.
  28. Domar, D. E. (1946). Capital expansion, rate of growth and employment. Econometrica, 14(2), 137-147.
  29. Domar, D. E. (1947). Expansion and employment. The American Economic Review, 37(1), 34-55.
  30. Dung, N. Q., Hue, H. T. & Thanh, T. P. (2024). The impact of natural disaster on multidimensional poverty of rural households in vietnam: the regulating role of social assistance. Poverty and Public Policy, 16(3), 213-231.
  31. Durr, C. & Li, Y. (2024). Food insecurity among university students and the barriers to utilizing food assistance programs during and after hurricane Ian and Nicole. Journal of Poverty, 1-13.
  32. Efeer, L. & Topçu, E. (2024). Yoksulluk, gelir eşitsizliği ve ekonomik büyüme: OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir inceleme. Uluslararası Yönetim. İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 20(3), 654-674.
  33. Elumah, L., Taiwo, M., & Zubairu, U. (2024). Financial development and poverty alleviation: a systematic review. Journal of Economics and Sustainability, 6(1),1-19.
  34. Farahmand, M. A. ve Akiş, E. (2024). Afganistan, Pakistan ve Irak'ta kamu harcamaları, enflasyon oranı ve dış yardımların ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: panel veri analizi. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, 7(1), 1-17.
  35. Fu, L., Pei, T., Xu, J., Han, J. & Yang, J. (2024). Inspecting the "health poverty trap" mechanism: self- reinforcing effect and endogenous force. BMC Public Health, 24, 917.
  36. Fitriani, H. (2024). Impact of foreign aid on economic development: a critical literature review, advances: Jurnal Ekonomi & Bisnis, 2(2), 97-107.
  37. Frank, A. G. (1973). Latin America: underdevelopment or revolution. andover, Mass: Warner Modular Publications.
  38. Freyer, E., Lishchynsky, I. & Lyzun, M. (2024). The impact of international aid and foreign direct investment on economic growth in Ukraine. Journal of European Economy, 23(3), 379-394.
  39. Gözen, S. & Çelikay, F. (2024). Türkiye' de kamu harcamaları ve yoksulluğun iç göç üzerindeki mekânsal etkileri: ampirik bir inceleme. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 81, 72-91.
  40. Guo, X. & Gao, X. (2024). The impact and heterogeneity of digital lnclusive finance development on poverty alleviation- based on county- level panel data in Jing-Jin-Ji region. Journal of Economics and Sustainability, 6(1), 20-40.
  41. Gülseven, Y. (2024). Neoliberal kalkınma yaklaşımlarında dış yardımın rolü ve etkisi. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 278-298.
  42. Hankinson, M. & Kessner, J. B. (2024). How self- interest and symbolic politics shape the effectiveness of compensation for nearby housing development. Journal of Public Policy, 1-24.
  43. Heijdra, B. J. & Heijnan, P. (2024). Effeciency and equity: a general equilibrium analysis of rent-seeking. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 26(4), 1-25.
  44. Harrod, R. F. (1937). Mr. Keynes and traditional theory. Econometrica, 5(1), 74-86.
  45. Harrod, R. F. (1939). An essay in dynamic theory. The Economic Journal, 49(193), 14-33.
  46. Hornung, M., Stuffolino, E. & Zagel, H. (2024). Poverty among migrant, mixed and non-migrant households: the role of non- teleworkability and single- earnership in Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 1-29.
  47. Hongli, J. & Vitenu-Sackey, P. A. (2023). Assessment of the effectiveness of foreign aid on the development of Africa. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 28(1), 79-92.
  48. Ita, V. E. (2022). Politics of foreign aid and economic dependency in developing states: reflections on Nigeria. Aksu Journal of Administration and Corporate Governance, 2(1), 71- 88.
  49. Iwegbu, O. & Dauda, R. O. S. (2022). Effectiveness of foreign aid in poverty reduction in Africa: the role of fiscal policy. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics, 13(1), 55-92.
  50. Jacquement, N., Luchini, S., Shogren, J. F.& Zylbersztejn, A. (2024). Commitment to the truth creates trust in market exchange: experimental evidence. Games and Economic Behaviors, 148, 279-295.
  51. Jane, C. C. & Fabian, A. A. (2024). The impact of foreign aid on socio- economic development in Nigeria. International Journal of Bussiness and Management Research, 5(1), 204-231.
  52. Jankowski, M., Juen, C. M. & Tepe, M. (2024). Voting against parties: populist attitudes, party supply and support for non- partisan actors. journal of elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 34(4),746-769.
  53. Kamara, A. K. ve Momoh, P. L. (2023). Impact of foreign aid on economic development and poverty alleviation in Sierra Leone. European Journal of Political Science Studies, 6(3), 1-26.
  54. Kamguia, B., Tadadjeu, S., Miamo,C. & Njangang, H. (2022). Does foreign aid impede economic complexity in developing countries. International Economics, 169(1),71-88.
  55. Khan, R., Zeeshan, Haque, M. I., Gupta, N., Tausif, M. R. & Kaushik, I. (2022). How foreign aid and remittances affect poverty in MENA countries?. PLOS ONE, 17(1), 1-20.
  56. Khan, S., Schwartz, A. J.& Wald, J. K. (2024). Do companies care about judicial ideology? evidence from air pollution. Journal of Law and Economics, 67(1), 195-224.
  57. Khemka, A. (2024). Why do voters elect criminal politicans?. European Journal of Political Economy, 82, 1-25.
  58. Kitole, F. A., Msoma, L. J.& Sesabo, J. K. (2024). Navigating the economic landscape: a comprehensive analysis of government spending, economic growth and poverty reduction nexus in Tanzania. Applied Economic Letters, 1-5. doi: 10.1080/13504851.2024.2302902
  59. Klundt, M. (2024a). Arme kinder und ihre familien. Sozial Extra, 48(2), 118-122. doi:10.1007/s12054-024-00681-0
  60. Klundt, M. (2024b). Sozialstaat in gefahr. Sozial Extra, 48(2), 101-104. doi:10.1007/s12054-024-00680-1
  61. Kou, Y. & Yasin, İ. (2024). Navigating poverty in developing nations: unraveling the impact of political dynamics on sustainable well-being. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 1(1), doi: 10.1057/s41599-024-03670-6
  62. Kölln, A. K., Wlezien, C. (2024). Measuring public preferences for government spending under constraints: a conjoint- analytic approach. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 34(2), 375-386.
  63. Kristoffersen, I., Hoang, D. & Li, I. W. (2024) Understanding the mental health - based poverty trap: dynamics in psychological distress and financial precariousness and the role of self- efficacy. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 111, 10219. Lai, W. & Li, X. (2024). China's anticorruption campaign and civil servant gever. Journal of Law and Economics, 67(2), 479-516.
  64. Leibenstein, H. (1958). Economic backwardness and economic growth. The American Economic Review, 5(48), 1020-1023.
  65. Landiyanto, E. A. (2024). Policies on child poverty eradication in Indonesia: the importance of a common understanding of children and poverty. Poverty and Public Policy, 16(1), 94-113.
  66. Lamore, T. H. & Kotze, D. A. (2024). Foreign aid and factors determining lts effectiveness on poverty alleviation in Ethiopia. Asian Journal of Advances in Research, 7(1), 58-71.
  67. Lenta, M., Panadero, S., Di loria, J. & Vazquez, J. J. (2024). The use of health services by women living homeless in Madrid, Spain. Poverty and Public Policy, 16(2), 172-181.
  68. Li, J., Xue, E., Wei, Y. & He, Y. (2024). How popularising higher education affects economic growth and poverty alleviation: empirical evidence from 38 countries. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, 1-11.
  69. Malevolti, G. & Romano, D. (2024). Poverty dynamics and poverty traps among refugee and host communities in Uganda. Journal of Development Studies, 60(3), 380-405.
  70. Mateko, F. M. (2024). Information and communication technology and poverty alleviation in Nigeria. African Journal of Science, Technology. Innovation and Development, 16(3), 439-450.
  71. Mimarakis, D., Alegakis, A. & Koukouli, S. (2024). Evaluating the effect of individual characteristics and COVlD-19 pandemic on people living under extreme poverty conditions in Greece. Poverty and Public Policy, 16(1), 52-68.
  72. Mohammadkhani, M., Nakhaee, N., Goudarzi, R., Moghadam, M. N.& Aminizadeh, M. (2024). Living on the slum areas in the shadow of drought: a qualitative analysis of lived experience of migrant households facing drought in southeast of Iran. BMC Public Health, 24, 3241.
  73. Nambassa,G. & Mutiarin, D. (2024). Understanding public sector problems affecting Uganda: a depth analysis of the public choice theory. Journal of Government and Politics, 6(1), 1-11.
  74. Ng’ang’a, P. & Zikhali, P. (2024). Poverty and social exclusion in Kenya. International Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 4(1), 1-21.
  75. Njatagang, D. K., Djourdebbé, F. B. & Wadou, N. D. A. (2023). Climate variability, armed conflicts and child malnutrition in sub- saharan Africa: a spatial analysis in Ethiopia, Kenya and Nigeria. Helion, 9(11), 1-19.
  76. Nurkse, R. (1952). Growth in underdeveloped country: some international aspect of the problem of economic development. The American Economic Review, 42(2), 571-583.
  77. Odhiambo, N. M. (2023). Is stock market development a spur to poverty reduction? empirical evidence from selected sub-saharan African countries. Development Studies Research, 10(1), 1-12.
  78. Ogah, M. A. & Aliyu, T. S. (2022). Foreign aid and Nigeria’s quest for development. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 11(2), 29-37.
  79. Oliviero, T., Parkı, M. & Zou, H. (2024). Liquidity effects of litigation risk: evidence from a legal shock. Journal of Law and Economics, 67(1),103-141.
  80. Oumbe, H. T., Djeunankan, R. & Mougnol, A. K. (2024). Analyzing the effect of foreign aid on industrialization: evidence from Africa. International Economics, 178(1), 100498.
  81. Paranata, A., Adha, R., Thao, H. T. P., Sasanti, & Fafurida, E. E. (2023). The catasrophe of corruption in the sustainability of foreign aid: a prediction of artificial neural network method in Indonesia. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 16,239-257.
  82. Pomerantz, P. R. (2024). Foreign aid: policy and practice. London: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781003265320.
  83. Rasilla, P., Stamos, I., Proietti, P. & Siragusa, A. (2024). Closing the loop: enhancing local monitoring of child poverty to leave no child behind. Children, 11(1), 67.
  84. Rao, D. T., Sethi, N., Dash, D. P. & Bhujabal, P. (2023). Foreign aid, FDI and Economic growth in South- East Asia and South Asia. Global Bussiness Review, 24(1), 31-47.
  85. Rojik, S., Maitah, M., Malek, K. & Abdullahi, K. T. (2024). Impact of foreign aid on Nigerian economy. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 1-16.
  86. Rosenstein-Rodan, P. N. (1957). Notes on the theory of the “Big Push”. Cambridge: Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  87. Rostow, W. W. (1956). The take of into self- sustaining growth. The Economic Journal, 66(261), 25-48.
  88. Sahoo, P., Mondal, S. & Paltasingh, K. R. (2024). Unveiling poverty dynamics in India: examining convergence and determinants at sub- national level. Journal of Poverty, 1-24.
  89. Sardoschau, S. & Jarotschkin, A. (2024). Chinese aid in Africa: attitudes and conflict. European Journal of Political Economy, 81, 1-20.
  90. Satria, W., Fachrurrozi, K., Kadri, M. & Mubarak, M. S. (2024). The influence of population growth, inflation and human development index on economic growth and poverty. Journal REP (Riset Ekonomi Pembangunan), 9(2), 214-226.
  91. Savu, A. (2024). Intergovernmental alignment and the electoral value of mayors: reverse coattails in an unexpected technocracy. Public Choice, 200, 43-64.
  92. Shackleton, C. M., Garekae, H., Sardeshpande, M., Sinasson, S. G. & Twine, W. C. (2024). Non-Timber forest products as poverty traps: fact or fiction?. Forest Policy and Economics, 158, 103114.
  93. Sikandar, F., Erokhin, V., Xin, L., Sidorova, M., Ivolga, A. & Bobryshev, A. (2022). Sustainable agriculture and rural poverty eradication in Pakistan: the role of foreign aid and government policies. Sustainability, 14(22), 1-14.
  94. Skarbek, D. (2024). The political economy of criminal governance. Public Choice, 200, 1-24.
  95. Sucu, M. B. (2024). Yeni kurumsal iktisat. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 9(3), 1011-1048.
  96. Stockemer, D., LaMontagne, B. & Charrette, J. (2011). Panacea, placebo or poison? the impact of development aid on growth. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 32(1), 3-16.
  97. Tsodikovich, Y., Venel, X. & Zseleva, A. (2024). Folk theorems in repeated games with switching costs. Games and Economic Behaviors, 146, 137-159.
  98. Turna, Y. (2024a). Sahra altı Afrika ülkelerinde yoksulluğu belirleyen faktörlerin yoksulluk kısır döngüsü çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 42(4), 713-725.
  99. Turna, Y. (2024b). Türkiye' de Barro sefalet indeksi ile yoksulluk arasındaki ilişki: Toda Yamamoto nedensellik analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 31(3), 623-632.
  100. Villar, A. (2024). A note on the measurement of poverty persistence. Economic Letters, 236, 133. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2024.111571
  101. Wang, X., Zhang, T., Gong, H., Li, J., Wu, B., Chen, B. & Zhao, S. (2024). Game theoretic analysis of governance and corruption in China's pharmaceutical industry. Frontiers in Medicine, 11, 1-16.
  102. Xu, J., Liu, X. & Sun, C. (2024). Foreign aid and recipient countries' participation in global value chains: a comparative study based on Chinese and USA aid. Open Economies Review, 1-33. doi: 10.1007/s11079-024-09784-3
  103. Yan, T. & Hyman, M. R. (2024). The principal-agent problem and ıts mitigation: a critical historical analysis. Journal of Management History, 30(4), 615-636.
  104. Yavuz, Y. & Polat, M. (2024). Dış borç-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye ekonomisi için ekonometrik bir analiz. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 334-354.
  105. Yılmaz, E. (2022). Oyun teorisi. İstanbul: Kitapyurdu Yayıncılık.
  106. Ayele, Y., Edjigu, H. & Oostendorp, R. H. (2024). The differential impact of legal origins on firm productivity. Journal of Law and Economics, 67(3), 611-638. Banerjee, A., Breza, E., Chandrasekhar, G., Duflo, E., Jackson, M. O. & Kinnan, C. (2024). Changes in social network structure in response to exposure to formal credit markets. Review of Economic Studies, 91(3),1331-1372.
  107. Li, J., Xue, E., Wei, Y. & He, Y. (2024). How popularising higher education affects economic growth and poverty alleviation: empirical evidence from 38 countries. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, 1-11.
  108. Nambassa,G. & Mutiarin, D. (2024). Understanding public sector problems affecting Uganda: a depth analysis of the public choice theory. Journal of Government and Politics, 6(1), 1-11.
  109. Paranata, A., Adha, R., Thao, H. T. P., Sasanti, & Fafurida, E. E. (2023). The catasrophe of corruption in the sustainability of foreign aid: a prediction of artificial neural network method in Indonesia. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 16,239-257.