Journals / Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1

Testing Safe Haven Assets for Türkiye in the Covid-19 Period

Güvenli Liman Varlıkların Covid-19 Döneminde Türkiye İçin Test Edilmesi

Erhan Daştan(KARADENİZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ, İŞLETME (DR))0000-0001-7498-8910
Hüseyin Dagli(KARADENİZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSADİ VE İDARİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ, İŞLETME BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0002-2416-9340
Pages
181–198
Publication Date
2024-04-01
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

According to the results obtained under the assumption of GJR-GARCH (1,1) error terms, no asset has shown safe-haven characteristics against the stock market.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The aim of this study is to examine whether the assets known as safe-haven assets during crises fulfill these qualities for equity investors in Turkey during the Covid-19 pandemic.
📊
Key Findings & Data:According to the results obtained under the assumption of GJR-GARCH (1,1) error terms, no asset has shown safe-haven characteristics against the stock market.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:If BIST100 depreciates by 1%, gold and Government Bonds show strong safe-haven characteristics, and Bitcoin, Ethereum, Silver, the US dollar and Euro show weak safe-haven characteristics.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Güvenli Liman Varlıklar · Covid-19 · BİST100 Endeksi

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine whether the assets known as safe-haven assets during crises fulfill these qualities for equity investors in Turkey during the Covid-19 pandemic. According to the results obtained under the assumption of GJR-GARCH (1,1) error terms, no asset has shown safe-haven characteristics against the stock market. However, when the BIST100 index depreciates by 5%, Ethereum, silver and Government Bonds show strong safe-haven characteristics, US dollar and Euro show weak safe-haven characteristics. When the BIST100 index depreciates by 2.5%, Bitcoin, gold and DJIMTR show weak safe haven asset characteristics. If BIST100 depreciates by 1%, gold and Government Bonds show strong safe-haven characteristics, and Bitcoin, Ethereum, Silver, the US dollar and Euro show weak safe-haven characteristics.

Özet

Bu çalışmanın amacı krizler döneminde güvenli liman olarak bilinen varlıkların hisse senedi yatırımcıları açısından Covid-19 pandemi döneminde Türkiye’de bu vasıflarını yerine getirip getirmediklerini incelemektir. GJR-GARCH (1,1) hata terimleri varsayımı altında elde edilen sonuçlara göre hiçbir varlık, hisse senedi piyasası karşısında güvenli liman özelliği gösterememiştir. Fakat BİST100 endeksi %5 değer kaybettiği dönemlerde Ethereum, gümüş ve devlet tahvili güçlü düzeyde, ABD doları ve Euro ise zayıf düzeyde güvenli liman özelliği göstermiştir. Yine BİST100 %2,5 değer kaybettiğinde Bitcoin, altın ve DJIMTR zayıf düzeyde bu özelliği gösterirken, %1’lik değer kayıplarında ise altın ve devlet tahvili güçlü düzeyde, Bitcoin, Ethereum, gümüş, ABD doları ve Euro zayıf düzeyde güvenli liman özelliği göstermişlerdir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Daştan, E., Dagli, H. (2024). Testing Safe Haven Assets for Türkiye in the Covid-19 Period. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 181–198. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1336982

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (63)

  1. Akhtar, S. & Jahromi, M. (2017), “Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Islamic and Conventional Stocks and Bonds”, Accounting & Finance, 57(3), 623-655.
  2. Akkoc, U., & Civcir, I. (2019), “Dynamic linkages between strategic commodities and stock market in Turkey: Evidence from SVAR-DCC-GARCH model”, Resources Policy, 62, 231-239.
  3. Aysan, A. F., Khan, A. U. I., & Topuz, H. (2021), “Bitcoin and Altcoins Price Dependency: Resilience and Portfolio Allocation in COVID-19 Outbreak, Risks, 9(4), 74.
  4. Baur, D. G., Dimpfl, T., & Kuck, K. (2018), “Bitcoin, Gold and the US dollar–A Replication and Extension”, Finance Research Letters, 25, 103-110.
  5. Baur, D. G. & Lucey, B. M. (2010), “Is Gold a Hedge or a Safe Haven? An Analysis of Stocks, Bonds and Gold, Financial Review, 45(2), 217-229.
  6. Baur, D. G. & McDermott, T. K. (2016), “Why is Gold a Safe Haven?”, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 10, 63-71.
  7. Baur, D. G. & McDermott, T. K. (2010), “Is Gold a Safe Haven? International Evidence”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 34(8), 1886-1898.
  8. Beckmann, E. & Scheiber, T. (2012), “Not So Trustworthy Anymore? The Euro as a Safe Haven Asset In Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe”, Focus on European Economic Integration, (2), 65-71.
  9. Bouoiyour, J., Selmi, R., & Wohar, M. E. (2019), “Safe Havens in the Face of Presidential Election Uncertainty: A Comparison Between Bitcoin, Oil and Precious Metals”, Applied Economics, 51(57), 6076-6088.
  10. Bouri, E., Molnár, P., Azzi, G., Roubaud, D., & Hagfors, L. I. (2017), “On the Hedge and Safe Haven Properties of Bitcoin: Is it Really More than a Diversifier?”, Finance Research Letters, 20, 192-198.
  11. Capie, F., Mills, T. C., & Wood, G. (2005), “Gold as a Hedge Against the Dollar”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 15(4), 343-352.
  12. Chan, K., Yang, J., & Zhou, Y. (2018), “Conditional co-skewness and safe-haven currencies: A regime switching approach”, Journal of Empirical Finance, 48, 58-80.
  13. Cheema, M. A., Faff, R., & Szulczyk, K. R. (2022), “The 2008 Global Financial Crisis and COVID-19 Pandemic: How Safe are the Safe Haven Assets?”, International Review of Financial Analysis, 83, 102316, 1-13.
  14. Cho, D. & Han, H. (2021), “The Tail Behavior of Safe Haven Currencies: A Cross-Quantilogram Analysis”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 70, 101257, 1-17.
  15. Ciner, C., Gurdgiev, C. and Lucey, B. M. (2013), “Hedgesand safe havens: an examination of stocks, bonds,gold, oil and exchange rates”, International Review of Financial Analysis,29, 202–11. doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2012.12.001
  16. Conlon, T. & McGee, R. (2020), “Safe Haven or Risky Hazard? Bitcoin During the COVID-19 Bear Market”, Finance Research Letters, 35, 101607, 1-5.
  17. Corbet, S., Hou, Y. G., Hu, Y., Larkin, C., & Oxley, L. (2020), “Any port in a storm: Cryptocurrency Safe-Havens During the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Economics Letters, 194, 109377.
  18. Coudert, V. & Raymond, H. (2011), “Gold and financial assets: are there any safe havens in bear markets”, Economics Bulletin, 31(2), 1613-1622.
  19. Disli, M., Nagayev, R., Salim, K., Rizkiah, S. K., & Aysan, A. F. (2021), “In Search of Safe Haven Assets During COVID-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Analysis of Different Investor Types”, Research in International Business and Finance, 58, 101461, 1-24.
  20. Dyhrberg, A. H. (2016), “Hedging Capabilities of Bitcoin. Is it the Virtual Gold?”, Finance Research Letters, 16, 139-144.
  21. Foley, S., Karlsen, J. R., & Putniņš, T. J. (2019), “Sex, Drugs, and Bitcoin: How Much Illegal Activity is Financed Through Cryptocurrencies?”, The Review of Financial Studies, 32(5), 1798-1853.
  22. Gencer, G., & Musoğlu, Z. (2014), “The Safe Haven Property of Gold in Turkish Financial Markets: An Investigation of the Global Financial Crisis”, Bogazici Journal: Review of Social, Economic & Administrative Studies, 28(2).
  23. Grisse, C. & Nitschka, T. (2015), “On financial risk and the safe haven characteristics of Swiss franc exchange rates”, Journal of Empirical Finance, 32, 153-164.
  24. Guesmi, K., Saadi, S., Abid, I., & Ftiti, Z. (2019), “Portfolio Diversification With Virtual Currency: Evidence From Bitcoin”, International Review of Financial Analysis, 63, 431-437.
  25. Gürgün, G., & Ünalmış, İ. (2014). Is gold a safe haven against equity market investment in emerging and developing countries?. Finance Research Letters, 11(4), 341-348.
  26. Habib, M.M. & Stracca, L. (2015), “Is there a global safe haven?”, International Finance, 18(3), 281-298.
  27. Hasan, M. B., Hassan, M. K., Rashid, M. M., & Alhenawi, Y. (2021). Are safe haven assets really safe during the 2008 global financial crisis and COVID-19 pandemic?. Global Finance Journal, 50, 100668.
  28. Hillier, D., Draper, P., & Faff, R. (2006), “Do Precious Metals Shine? An Investment Perspective” Financial Analysts Journal, 62(2), 98-106.
  29. Hkiri, B., Hammoudeh, S., Aloui, C., & Yarovaya, L. (2017), “Are Islamic indexes a safe haven for investors? An analysis of total, directional and net volatility spillovers between conventional and Islamic indexes and importance of crisis periods”, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 43, 124-150.
  30. Jaffe, J. F. (1989), “Gold and Gold Stocks as Investments for Institutional Portfolios”, Financial Analysts Journal, 45(2), 53-59.
  31. Kassamany, T., Harb, E., & Baz, R. (2022), “Hedging and Safe Haven Properties of Ethereum: Evidence Around Crises”, Journal of Decision Systems, 1-19.
  32. Kaul, A. & Sapp, S. (2006), “Y2K Fears and Safe Haven Trading of the US Dollar”, Journal of international money and finance, 25(5), 760-779.
  33. Klein, T., Thu, H. P., & Walther, T. (2018), “Bitcoin is not the New Gold–A Comparison of Volatility, Correlation, and Portfolio Performance”, International Review of Financial Analysis, 59, 105-116.
  34. Kopyl, K. A. & Lee, J. B. (2016), “How Safe are the Safe Haven Assets?”, Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, 30(4), 453-482.
  35. Krondahl, E., & Lindahl O. (2012), “Perceptual Safe Havens: A Study of Gold, Oil, Palladium, Wheat, Bonds, USD, and Stocks”, Degree Project Master of Science in Business and Economics, School of Economics and Management, Department of Business Administration, Lund University.
  36. Lee, K. S. (2017), “Safe‐Haven Currency: An Empirical Identification”, Review of International Economics, 25(4), 924-947.
  37. Li, S., & Lucey, B. M. (2017), “Reassessing the role of precious metals as safe havens–What colour is your haven and why?”. Journal of Commodity Markets, 7, 1-14.
  38. Liu, C. S., Chang, M. S., Wu, X., & Chui, C. M. (2016), “Hedges or safe havens—revisit the role of gold and USD against stock: a multivariate extended skew-t copula approach”, Quantitative Finance, 16(11), 1763-1789.
  39. Lucey, B. M. & Li, S. (2015), “What Precious Metals Act as Safe Havens, and When? Some US Evidence”, Applied Economics Letters, 22(1), 35-45.
  40. Mariana, C. D., Ekaputra, I. A., & Husodo, Z. A. (2021), “Are Bitcoin and Ethereum safe-havens for stocks during the COVID-19 pandemic?”, Finance research letters, 38, 101798.
  41. McCown, J. R. & Zimmerman, J. (2006), “Is Gold A Zero-Beta Asset? Analysis Of The İnvestment Potential of Precious Metals”, Oklohoma City University- Meinders School of Business.
  42. Nagayev, R. & Dinç,Y. (2018), “Güvenli Liman ve Hedge Aracı Olarak Altın: Türkiye Örneği”, İslam Ekonomisi ve Finansı Dergisi (İEFD), 4(1), 1-15.
  43. Raheem, I. (2021), “COVID-19 pandemic and the safe haven property of Bitcoin”, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 81, 370-375.
  44. Ranaldo, A. & Söderlind, P. (2007), “Safe Haven Currencies”, Review of Finance, 14(3), 385-407.
  45. Robiyanto, R. (2018), “Gold vs bonds: What is the safe haven for the Indonesian and Malaysian capital market?”, Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 20(3), 277-302.
  46. Scheiber, T., & Stix, H. (2009), “euroization in central, eastern and Southeastern europe–new evidence on its extent and Some evidence on its causes” (No. 159). Working Paper.
  47. Serttaş, F. Ö. (2022), “Altın ve kripto paraların BİST100 Endeksi için hedge ve güvenli liman özellikleri: Covid-19 salgını etkileri”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 622-635.
  48. Shahzad, S. J. H., Bouri, E., Roubaud, D., & Kristoufek, L. (2020), “Safe Haven, Hedge and Diversification for G7 Stock Markets: Gold versus Bitcoin”, Economic Modelling, 87, 212-224.
  49. Sherman, E. J. (1982), “Gold: A Conservative, Prudent Diversifier”, The Journal of Portfolio Management, 8(3), 21-27.
  50. Smales, Lee A (2019), “Bitcoin as a Safe Haven: Is it Even Worth Considering?”, Finance Research Letters, 30, 385-393.
  51. Stensås, A., Nygaard, M. F., Kyaw, K., & Treepongkaruna, S. (2019), “Can Bitcoin be a Diversifier, Hedge or Safe Haven Tool?”, Cogent Economics & Finance, 7(1), 1593072, 1-17.
  52. Takasbank (2023), https://www.takasbank.com.tr/tr/istatistikler/pay-piyasasi-pp
  53. Taleb, Nassim N. (2007), “The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable”, Random House, New York. Todorova, V. (2020), “Safe haven currencies”, Economic Alternatives, 4, 579-591.
  54. Tomak, S. (2013), “Altın Güvenli Liman Mı? Hisse Senetleri, DİBS, Döviz Kuru ve Altın Getirileri Arasındaki İlişkilerin Analizi”, Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 21-36.
  55. Urquhart, A. & Zhang, H. (2019), “Is Bitcoin a Hedge or Safe Haven for Currencies? An intraday Analysis”, International Review of Financial Analysis, 63, 49-57.
  56. Ustaoglu, E. (2022). Safe-haven properties and portfolio applications of cryptocurrencies: Evidence from the emerging markets. Finance Research Letters, 47, 102716.
  57. Van Hoang, T. H., Lahiani, A., & Heller, D. (2016), “Is Gold a Hedge Against Inflation? New Evidence From a Nonlinear ARDL Approach”, Economic Modelling, 54, 54-66.
  58. Welling, J. (2020),” S&P and Dow Jones Islamic Indices Continue Outperformance in Q1 2020”, https: //www.spglobal.com/en/research-insights/articles/sp-and-dow-jones-islamic-indices-continue-outperformance-in-q1-2020, 09.08.2022.
  59. Wen, X., & Cheng, H. (2018), “Which is the safe haven for emerging stock markets, gold or the US dollar?”, Emerging Markets Review, 35, 69-90.
  60. Yarovaya, L., Brzeszczyński, J., Goodell, J. W., Lucey, B., & Lau, C. K. M. (2022), “Rethinking financial contagion: information transmission mechanism during the COVID-19 pandemic”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 79, 101589.
  61. Yermack, D. (2015), “Is Bitcoin a real currency? An economic appraisal”, Handbook of Digital Currency, In first Publishing (31-43), Academic Press.
  62. Ciner, C., Gurdgiev, C. and Lucey, B. M. (2013), “Hedgesand safe havens: an examination of stocks, bonds,gold, oil and exchange rates”, International Review of Financial Analysis,29, 202–11. doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2012.12.001
  63. Corbet, S., Hou, Y. G., Hu, Y., Larkin, C., & Oxley, L. (2020), “Any port in a storm: Cryptocurrency Safe-Havens During the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Economics Letters, 194, 109377.