SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Adam Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi / 2020 / Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

When do Civil Wars Breed Ethnic Cleansing? The Cases of Lebanon and Yugoslavia

İç Savaşlar Ne Zaman Etnik Temizlik Doğurur? Lübnan ve Yugoslavya Vakaları

M. Tahir Kılavuz(Harvard University)0000-0002-3827-3827
Pages
265–290
Publication Date
2020-12-31
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Civil wars are episodes when ethnic violence is likely to be observed.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Civil wars are episodes when ethnic violence is likely to be observed.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Civil wars are episodes when ethnic violence is likely to be observed.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Civil wars are episodes when ethnic violence is likely to be observed.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:İç Savaşlar · Etnik Şiddet · Siyasal Fırsatlar

Abstract

Civil wars are episodes when ethnic violence is likely to be observed. However,

Özet

İç savaşlar etnik şiddetin potansiyel olarak görülebildiği süreçlerdir. Ancak, bazı iç savaşların sonucu olarak etnik temizlik gibi aşırı şiddet olayları görülse de bu durum her iç savaş için geçerli değildir. Öyleyse, neden bazı iç savaşlar etnik temizliği doğururken diğerleri doğurmaz? İç savaş ve ona dahil olan aktörlerle ilgili hangi faktörler bir etnik temizlik olma olasılığını şekillendirir. Siyasal çatışma teorilerinin hangileri bu farklı sonuçları daha iyi açıklar? Geçtiğimiz yüzyılın iki önemli iç savaşı, Lübnan İç Savaşı ve Yugoslav Savaşları, üzerinden bu makale, bu savaşların ikincisinin bir etnik temizliğe yol açarken ilkinin yol açmamış olduğunu açıklamak amacıyla, siyasal fırsatlar ve toplumsal sıkıntılar ile ilgili hipotezleri test etmektedir. Bu teorilerin karşılaştırmalı vaka analizleri çerçevesinde sistematik testlerinden hareketle bu çalışma, rejim değişimi ve siyasal ve askeri hakimiyet gibi fırsatlarla ilintili faktörlerin iki vaka arasındaki farklılığı açıklayabildiğini, ancak ekonomik hakimiyet ve nefret gibi toplumsal sıkıntılarla alakalı faktörlerin sonuçları açıklayamadığını bulmaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kılavuz, M. T. (2020). When do Civil Wars Breed Ethnic Cleansing? The Cases of Lebanon and Yugoslavia. Adam Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 265–290. https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.684177

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (72)

  1. Abraham, A. J. (1996). The Lebanon War. Westport, Conn: Praeger.
  2. Bell-Fialkoff, A. (1993). A Brief History of Ethnic Cleansing. Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 110–121.
  3. Besançon, M. (2005). Relative Resources: Inequality in Ethnic Wars, Revolutions, and Genocides. Journal of Peace Research, 42(4), 393.
  4. Booth Walling, C. (2001). The History and Politics of Ethnic Cleansing. In K. Booth (Ed.), The Kosovo Tragedy (pp. 47–66). London: Frank Cass Publishers.
  5. Cederman, L.-E., Hug, S., & Krebz, L. F. (2010). Democratization and Civil War: Empirical Evidence. Journal of Peace Research, 47(4), 377–394.
  6. Cederman, L.-E., Weidmann, N. B., & Gledits, K. S. (2011). Horizontal Inequalities and Ethnonationalist Civil War: A Global Comparison. American Political Science Review, 105(3), 478–495.
  7. Cederman, L.-E., Wenger, A., & Hug, S. (2008). Democratization and War in Political Science. Journal of Peace Research, 15(3), 509–524.
  8. Chua, A. (2003). World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability. New York: Doubleday.
  9. Cigar, N. (1995). Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of “Ethnic Cleansing.” College Station: Texas A & M University Press.
  10. Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, 56(4), 563–595.
  11. Conversi, D. (2006). Genocide, Ethnic Cleansing and Nationalism. In G. Delanty & K. Kumar (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism (pp. 320–333). London: SAGE.
  12. Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., Altman, D., … Ziblatt, D. (2019). V-Dem Codebook v9. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
  13. Correlates of War. (2010). The New COW War Data, 1816 - 2007 (v4.0), Intra-state War Data Set. Retrieved from https://correlatesofwar.org/data-sets/COW-war
  14. Dekmejian, R. Hrair. (1975). Patterns of Political Leadership: Egypt, Israel, Lebanon. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  15. Dekmejian, Richard Hrair. (1978). Consociational Democracy in Crisis: The Case of Lebanon. Comparative Politics, 10(2), 251–265.
  16. Fearon, J. D., & Laitin, D. D. (2003). Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War. American Political Science Review, 97(01), 75–90.
  17. Fraser, N. (1997). Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the “Postsocialist” Condition. New York: Routledge.
  18. Freedom House. (2013). Freedom in the World Country Ratings. Retrieved from http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Country%20Status%20%26%20Ratings%20Overview%2C%201973-2013.pdf
  19. Gagnon Jr., V. P. (1995). Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia. International Security, 19(3), 130–166.
  20. Gaub, F. (2007). Multi-Ethnic Armies in the Aftermath of Civil War: Lessons Learned from Lebanon. Defence Studies, 7(1), 5–20.
  21. Gilmour, D. (1983). Lebanon: The Fractured Country. Oxford: Martin Robertson&Co.
  22. Gleditsch, K. S., & Ruggeri, A. (2010). Political Opportunity Structures, Democracy, and Civil War. Journal of Peace Research, 47(3), 299–310.
  23. Gurr, T. R. (2011). Why Men Rebel. Boulder, Colorado: Paradigm Publishers.
  24. Hayden, R. (1996). Schindler’s Fate: Genocide, Ethnic Cleansing, and Population Transfers. Slavic Review, 55(4).
  25. Hegre, H., Ellingsen, T., Gates, S., & Gleditsch, N. P. (2001). Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816-1992. American Political Science Review, 95(1), 33.
  26. Hodson, R., Sekulic, D., & Massey, G. (1994). National Tolerance in the Former Yugoslavia. 99(6), 1534–1558.
  27. Horowitz, D. L. (1993). Democracy in Divided Societies. Journal of Democracy, 4(4), 18–38.
  28. Kalyvas, S. (2006). The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  29. Kalyvas, S., & Sambanis, N. (2005). Bosnia’s Civil War: Origins and Violence Dynamics. In P. Collier & N. Sambanis (Eds.), Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis (Vol. 2). Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
  30. Kaplan, R. (1994). Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History. New York: Vintage books.
  31. Lake, D., & Rothchild, D. (1996). Containing Fear: The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflict. International Security, 21(2), 41–75.
  32. LeBor, A. (2002). Milosevic: A Biography. London: Bloomsbury.
  33. Licklider, R. (1995). The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993. American Political Science Review, 89(3), 681.
  34. Lijphart, A. (1969). Consociational Democracy. World Politics, 21(2), 207–225.
  35. Lijphart, A. (1977). Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. Yale University Press.
  36. Makdisi, S. A. (2004). The Lessons of Lebanon: the Economics of War and Development. London; New York: I.B. Tauris.
  37. Mann, M. (2005). The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  38. Mansfield, E. D., & Snyder, J. (1995). Democratization and the Danger of War. International Security, 20(1), 5–38.
  39. Mansfield, E. D., & Snyder, J. (2002). Democratic Transitions, Institutional Strength, and War. International Organization, 56(2), 297–337.
  40. Mansfield, E. D., & Snyder, J. (2008). Democratization and Civil War (Saltzman Working Paper No. No. 5).
  41. Marshall, M. G., & Cole, B. R. (2011). Polity IV: Regime Authority Characteristics and Transitions Dataset. Retrieved from http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/p4v2011.sav
  42. Mazowiecki, T. (1994). Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia (Sixth Periodic Report No. E/CN.4/1994/110). Geneva: UN.
  43. McAdam, D. (1982). Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  44. McAdam, D., McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (Eds.). (1996). Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings (First Edition edition). Cambridge England; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  45. Moghalu, K. C. (2006). Global Justice: The Politics of War Crimes Trials. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  46. Mulaj, K. (2005). On Bosnia’s Borders and Ethnic Cleansing. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 11, 1–24.
  47. Naimark, N. (2001). Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  48. O’Ballance, E. (1995). Civil War in Bosnia, 1992-94. London/New York: Macmillan/St.Martin’s Press.
  49. Odeh, B. J. (1985). Lebanon, Dynamics of Conflict: A Modern Political History. London: Zed Books.
  50. Offe, C. (1992). Strong Causes, Weak Cures: Some Preliminary Notes on the Intransigence of Ethnic Politics. East European Constitutional Review, 1(1), 21–23.
  51. Petersen, R. (2002). Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe. Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
  52. Political Instability Task Force (PITF). (2019). State Failure Problem Set: Internal Wars and Failures of Governance, 1955-2018. Retrieved from https://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html
  53. Qawanin al-Intikhab ba’da al-Istiqlal: Qanun 1960. (1960). Retrieved from https://www.lp.gov.lb/Resources/Files/1a38cf8b-1ff8-45e0-9e4c-f40b11b684e3.pdf
  54. Rowayheb, M. G. (2011). Political Change and the Outbreak of Civil War: The Case of Lebanon. Civil Wars, 13(4), 414–436.
  55. Rummel, R. J. (1997). Death by Government. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
  56. Sadowski, Y. (1998). The Myth of Global Chaos. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
  57. Sambanis, N. (2004). What Is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(6), 814–858.
  58. Smith, H. H., & Collelo, T. (1989). Lebanon: A Country Study (3rd ed.). Washington D.C.: Federal Research Division.
  59. Somer, M. (2002). Insincere Public Discourse, Inter-group Trust, and Implications for Democratic Transition: the Yugoslav Meltdown Revisited. Journal for Institutional Innovation, Development and Transition, 6, 92–112.
  60. Suleiman, M. W. (1967). Elections in a Confessional Democracy. The Journal of Politics, 29(1), 109–128.
  61. Szayna, T. S., & Zanini, M. (2000). The Yugoslav Retrospective Case. In T. S. Szayna (Ed.), Identifying Potential Ethnic Conflict: Application of a Process Model (pp. 75–127). Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
  62. Traboulsi, F. (2007). A History of Modern Lebanon. London: Pluto Press.
  63. UCDP/PRIO. (2009). UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset 4-2009. Retrieved from https://www.prio.org/Data/Armed-Conflict/UCDP-PRIO/Armed-Conflicts-Version-X-2009/
  64. Vucinich, W. S., & Tomasevich, J. (1969). Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment. Stanford: University of California Press.
  65. Weitz, E. (2003). A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
  66. Wilkinson, S. (2004). Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
  67. Woodward, S. L. (1995). Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution.
  68. Cigar, N. (1995). Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of “Ethnic Cleansing.” College Station: Texas A & M University Press.
  69. Mann, M. (2005). The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  70. McAdam, D., McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (Eds.). (1996). Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings (First Edition edition). Cambridge England; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  71. Weitz, E. (2003). A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
  72. Wilkinson, S. (2004). Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press.