ÇAĞDAŞ TÜRK LEHÇELERİNDE “AYIN” SESİNİN SEBEP OLDUĞU SES OLAYLARI

Özet

Diller arasında bir ses ortaklığı vardır. Ancak bazı dillerde mevut olan sesler kendisine has olup diğer dillerde bulunmamaktadır. Bu tür sesleri içeren kelimeler, başka bir dile geçtiğinde bazı değişiklikler geçirerek yeni şekiller alır ve geçtiği dilde böylece yerleşir. Özel sesleri olan dillerden biri de Arapçadır. Arapça alıntı kelimelerde görülen bazı seslerin Türkçede karşılığı yoktur. Bunlardan biri de "ayın" sesidir. Arapçaya has olan "ayın" Türkçede karşılığı bulunmamaktadır ve bu sesin Türkler tarafından telaffuz edilmesi güçtür. Dolayısıyla ayınlı bir kelimeyi Türkçenin ses sistemine uyarlamak ve söyleyişini kolaylaştırmak için bu ses ya Türkçede bulunan ve fonetik özelliklerine yakın olan başka bir sese dönüşür ya da kullanımdan düşer ve bu durum başka ses olaylarına yol açar. Böylece içinde "ayın" sesi bulunan kelime, asıl dildeki yapısı etkilenerek farklı bir şekil alır. "Ayın"ın yol açtığı bu tür ses olayları, bütün çağdaş Türk lehçelerinde aynı değildir. Bir lehçede genel olarak bir ses olayına sebep olmasına karşın, diğer lehçelerde birden çok ses olayına sebep olmaktadır. Ayrıca uğradığı bazı değişiklikler bir lehçeye mahsus kalıp çok az kelimede ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, çağdaş Türk lehçelerinde, yer yer bu lehçelerin bazı ağızlarına da işaret ederek Arapça alıntı kelimelerin başında, ortasına ve sonunda yer alan gırtlak ünsüzü "ayın"ın sebep olduğu ses olaylarını örneklerle birlikte tespit etmeye çalıştık

Abstract

There is a phonetical commonality between languages. Most of the phonemes are same in all languages but some phonemes in some languages are unique and other languages don't have them. Arabic is one of those languages with unique phonemes. The words that have those kind of phonemes change when they borrowed by other languages that don't have those phonemes. While the borrowing happens also phoneme's phonetical state or identity changes. It is known that some phonemes in Arabic words that borrowed by Turkish has no equivalent in that language. One of those phonemes is the “ayın” phoneme. It's very difficult to pronounce by Turks. Consequently Turkish language transforms those words that contains “ayın” to make it suitable for its own phonetical system. To do that, this “ayın” phoneme either transforms to some phoneme that already exists in Turkish and sounds like similar to “ayın” or it wouldn't be pronounced. Second outcome forces other phonetical changes to happen. Those changes aren't same in all contemporary Turkic dialects. While it makes one phonetical change in one dialect, in other dialects it makes more than one change. Sometimes those changes happen only one particular dialect and some rare words. In this paper, we tried to determine what kind of changes happened in contemporary Turkic dialects that caused by phoneme ayın's transformation in borrowed words from Arab language and changes caused by its location in the word. Also we have shown the examples from Turkish language's accents to confirm our idea Some voices in Arabic borrowed words do not have equivalents in Turkish. The “ayın” voice is not found in Turkish language and it is difficult for the Turks to pronounce it. This voice is peculiar to Arabic. Therefore, the word “ayın”, which is foreign to Turkish, turns into another voice which is already found in Turkish and is close to its phonetic properties in order to adapt to the sound structure of the Turkish people and to bring the saying more easily, or it is totally omitted which causes other phonological events, affecting the original structure of the words. In this study, we tried to determine the sound events caused by the voice of the glottal consonant “ayın” in Arabic borrowed words used in contemporary Turkish dialects. Thus, we have shown new shapes of Arabic words including “ayın” voice in contemporary Turkish dialects. This study was prepared by examining the dictionary and grammar books prepared on contemporary Turkish dialects. However, in grammar books, the word “ayın” is briefly emphasized or not mentioned at all. We tried to give detailed information about the subject.1. Borrowed words with “ayın” voice are adapted to Turkish sound system and it is omitted in pronunciation and in writing so that they can be easily pronounced by Turkish people. However, when it is omitted, it is sometimes omitted without affecting the word structure, and sometimes it causes stretch in the short vowel that comes before it. 2. The “ayın” voice, which stands between two vowels in the middle of Arabic borrowed words or in conjoint words, is usually omitted. This leads to syneresis. Apart from that, the monosyllabic arabic borrowed words that end with a double consonant also cause a syneresis when the voice of “ayın” turns into a vowel. Thus, the word comes out against the sound structure of Turkish. In addition, this situation also causes two vowels blending together to form one vowel. 3. The Arabic-based singular syllable words that end in double consonants are difficult to pronounce in Turkish language, so the “ayın” sound becomes a vowel in the middle and at the end, dividing the word into two syllables and thus adapting it to the sound structure of Turkish. In the opinion of some researchers, this sound phenomenon is an epenthesis. 4. In some Arabic-based Turkish words, “ayın” is omitted. This situation causes the widening of the close vowel next to it, and the thinning of the back vowel. This shows us that the “ayın” consonant of Arabic origin, like other consonants with the Turkish thinning feature, also have a thinning feature. 5. In some Arabic borrowed words, the voice of “ayın” indicates the stretched reading of the preceding wovel that is followed by an apostrophe, and after a consonant followed by an apostrophe, the “ayın” voice is half-pronounced. 6. The voice of the “ayın” is often transformed into the fronto-palatal /y/ consonant when it is in between two vowels in the middle of the word, rarely at the beginning and end of the word. In some Arabic borrowed words, the “ayın” sound, which is placed between two vowels, turns into /y/ consonant and prevents the two vowels from syneresis, thus adapting the word to the sound structure of Turkish. For some researchers, this is an emergence of a consonant (protector +y+) that emerges to prevent the syneresis of two vowels that situated side by side with the omission of the “ayın” vowel. However, in our opinion, this sound phenomenon is a ‛ > y change. As a matter of fact, the voice of “ayın” is not only between the two vowels in the middle of the word, but also at the beginning and end of the word transforms to /y/. It is likely that this /y/ consonant has evolved from ‛ > ġ > y process. 7. In all contemporary Turkish dialects in Kipchak Turkic language, the voice of “ayın” in some Arabic borrowed words is toned and turned into an explosive rear-palatal consonant /ġ/ voice when it is not omitted. This phenomenon is divided into two according to the opinion of some researchers. The first is the omission of the voice of the “ayın”, and the second is the epenthesis of the voice of /ġ/. 8. In order to remove the difficulty of uttering some of the Arabic words with “ayın” used in contemporary Turkish dialects, the “ayın” voice becomes one of the /h/, /ḥ/, /ḫ/ voices of other laryngeal consonants close to their phonetic properties. This sound phenomenon is considered by some researchers as a consonant derivation. Çetin Pekacar