EL-EMSEL FÎ TEFSÎRİ KİTÂBİLLÂHİ’L-MÜNEZZEL ADLI ŞÎA TEFSİRİNDE HZ. ÖMER ALGISI

THE PERCEPTION OF UMAR (RA) IN THE SHI’I TAFSIR TITLED AL-AMTHAL FÎ TAFSIRI KITÂB ALLAH AL-MUNAZZAL

Özet

Şia'nın günümüzde yaşayan önemli dinî otoritelerinden Nasır Mekârim eş-Şirâzî'nin el-Emsel fi Tefsîri Kitâbillâhi'l-Münezzel adlı tefsiri, Şîa'nın görüşlerini yansıtan önemli kaynaklardan biridir. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu tefsir üzerinden Şia'nın Hz. Ömer algısının tespit edilmesi, ardından da bunun gerçeği yansıtıp yansıtmadığının ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Şirazî'nin tefsirinden elde edilen veriler, Şia'nın Hz. Ömer algısının Sünnî kaynaklarda anlatılandan çok farklı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmada bu tespiti destekleyen onlarca örnekten sadece birkaç tanesi arz edilmiştir. Bunlar; Hz. Ömer'in Resûlullah'a (s.a.v.) muhalefeti, halifenin tayini için oluşturduğu altı kişilik şûra meclisinin şûra kriterlerine uymadığı, bilgisinin yetersizliği, Huneyn savaşında savaş meydanından kaçtığı, yaptığı bir önerinin vahiy ile reddedildiği ve çirkin bir davranışla itham edildiği konularıdır. Bu çalışmada Mekârim Şirâzî'nin tefsiri çerçevesinde Şia'nın Hz. Ömer algısını oluşturan bu meseleler üzerinde durulmuş, delilleri arz edilip tahlil edilmiş ve şu neticelere ulaşılmıştır: Mekârim Şirâzî, bazen senedi bulunmayan ve güvenilir hiçbir kaynakta yer almayan rivayetlere dayanmaktadır. Bazen gerçeği yansıtmayan iddialar ileri sürerek yanlış nakillerde bulunmaktadır. Zaman zaman aynı metin içerisinde Hz. Ömer'in aleyhine yorumlanabileceğini düşündüğü kısma yer verirken, lehine yorumlanabileceğini düşündüğü kısmı görmezden gelmektedir. Kimi zaman da sahih rivayetler arasına anlamı farklı bir yöne çekecek ifadeler yerleştirerek bir bilim adamının asla teşebbüs etmeyeceği yöntemlerle Hz. Ömer hakkında olumsuz bir algı oluşturdumaya çalışmaktadır

Abstract

The tafsir entitled al-Amthal fî Tafsiri Kitâb Allah al-Munazzal by Nasir Makârim al-Shîrâzî, one of the contemporary important Shi'i authorities is one of the significant sources, providing the views of Shi’a. This study aims to determine the Shi’a's perception of Umar (ra), the second caliph, in context of this tafsir and to reveal whether it reflects the truth or not. The data, obtained from al-Shîrâzî’s tafsir shows that Shi’a's perception of Umar (ra) is very different from that described in the Sunni sources. Only a few of the examples which support this evaluation are presented in this study. These topics are his opposition to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), his not complying with the shûrâ criteria when he established shûrâ council for the appointment of the caliph after him, his inadequate knowledge, his escape from the battlefield during Hunain war, the rejection of a suggestion of Umar (ra) by revelation and an unpleasant accusation about him. This study focuses on these issues that constitute the Shi’a's perception of Umar (ra) in the frame of al-Shîrâzî’s tafsir and supplies and analyzes the evidences and reaches the conclusion that Makârim alShîrâzî occasionally refers some narratives which are not mentioned in any reliable sources and certain false narratives by arguing non-truthful claims. On occasion, he mentions some part of a particular narrative which he thinks it can be interpreted against Umar but ignores the other part which can be interpreted in support of him in the same text. At times, he endeavors to create a negative perception of Umar nonacademically by placing some expressions between sound narrations due to change the meaning into a different direction The tafsir entitled al-Amthal fî Tafsiri Kitâb Allah al-Munazzal, which is composed of twenty volumes and written by Nasir Makârim alShîrâzî, of the contemporary Shi'i authorities and of the important religious leaders, living in Iran is one of the sources, providing the views of Shi’a. al-Shîrâzî, according to his own expression, completed his tafsir by taking advantage of the most important Shi'i and Sunni tafsirs, and by participation of ten scholars, whose names he mentioned one by one. This study aims to determine the Shi’a's perception of Umar (ra), the second caliph, in context of this tafsir and to reveal whether it reflects the truth or not. The data, obtained from al-Shîrâzî’s tafsir describes that Shi’a's perception of Umar (ra) is very different from that described in the Sunni sources. In our work, dozens of examples that support this evaluation was reached. Since examining all of these examples requires more extensive works, this study deals only some of the issues that constitute the Shi’a's perception of Umar (ra) in the frame of al-Shîrâzî’s tafsir. When these issues are presented, the evidence they are based on is mentioned, and then these evidences are analyzed to reveal whether they can be considered as a hujjah (certain evidence) for the purpose they mean. The order of presentation of these issues is not according to Qur'anic order but with respect to the size of the crime attributed to him. Accordingly, the issues are listed as follows: 1. His opposition to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh). al-Shîrâzî deals with two issues in the exegesis of the first verses of Surah Hujûrât which begin with the verse of "O you who believe! Put not yourselves forward before Allah and His Messenger ..." The former is the claim that when Messenger of Allah (pbuh) headed to Khaybar and wanted to appoint a certain person to Medina as a wâlî (governor) instead of himself but Umar (ra) opposed him by suggesting another person, and the latter is the claim that when the Prophet (pbuh) was patient before a few days of his death he requested pen and ink but Umar (ra) opposed him by preventing that. 2. His not complying with the shûrâ criteria when he established shûrâ council for the appointment of the caliph after him. On some reasons, al-Shîrâzî claims in the interpretation of 159th verse of the Surah Âl ‘Imrân which is about shûrâ (counseling) that the council of Umar (ra) with six councilmen is not suitable for the shûrâ criteria at all. 3. His inadequate knowledge. al-Shîrâzî claims a) in the interpretation of the 19th verse of the Surah Qâf referring a narrative that Umar (ra) adjudicated ignorantly and b) in the interpretation of the first verse of the Surah Insân, referring a narrative, attributed to him that he objected to the issue of creation and c) in the interpretation of the 30th verse of the Surah ‘Abasa that his knowledge of the Qur'an was inadequate. 4. His escape from the battlefield during Hunain war. al-Shîrâzî claims in the interpretation of the 25th verse of the Surah Tawbah that mashhur narratives clearly states that the first three caliphs were of the those who escaped. 5. Rejection of a suggestion made by Umar by revelation. al-Shîrâzî argues in the interpretation of the 52-53th verses of the Surah An’âm that Umar's (ra) suggestion was rejected by revelation. 6. An unpleasant accusation about Umar (ra). al-Shîrâzî in the interpretation of the 12th verse of the Surah Mumtahinah gives an expression, implying that prostitution took place between Umar and Hind during the period of the jahiliyyah in the narrative of Hind’s allegiance. In the context of al-Shîrâzî's tafsir, this study focuses on these issues among the larger number of issues, creating the Shi’a’s perception of Umar (ra) supplies and analyzes the evidences and reaches the following conclusions: 1. It is understood that al-Shîrâzî endeavors to create a negative perception of Umar (ra) by referring some narratives which are without sanad and unavailable in reliable sources. For example, the narrative about occasion of revelation which al-Shîrâzî bases his claim of Umar’s opposition to the Prophet (pbuh) in the “appointment of the governor” and the narrative, referring his claim of "ignorant adjudication" and the narrative, referring hi