BİR MASAL, BEŞ METİN: BİR KELOĞLAN MASALINDA İÇERİK VE BİÇİM DÖNÜŞÜMLERİ

Özet

Masallar, hayal ürünü olayların anlatıldığı, yer ve zaman kavramının belirsiz bir şekilde aktarıldığı, halk dilinde anlatılarak oluşan ve gelişen sözlü edebiyat ürünleridir. Evrensel ve eğitsel temaların yer aldığı masallar; halk bilimi, eğitim, ahlak, dil ve edebiyat çalışmalarının konusunu teşkil etmektedir. Sözlü edebiyat ürünleri bireyden bireye, toplumdan topluma aktarılırken bazı değişikliklere uğradığı gibi sözlü dilden yazılı dile aktarılırken de birtakım değişim ve dönüşümler geçirmektedirler. Kimi eklemeleri, eksiltmeleri ve değiştirmeleri içeren bu dönüşümler temelde dil göstergesinin canlı ve gelişen özelliğinin bir ürünü olarak açıklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, farklı anlatıcılar ve derleyiciler tarafından yazıya aktarılan masallardaki değişim ve dönüşümler konu edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda aynı masalın farklı eş metinlerdeki (varyantlardaki) dönüşümleri biçim, kurgu ve üslup açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Masallar, yüz temel eser seçkisindeki masal kitaplarıyla sınırlı tutulmuştur. Beş masal içinden yayımlanma tarihi en eski masal ana metin olarak belirlenmiştir. Diğer dört metin eş metin olarak varsayılmıştır. Çalışmada, masallar, Vladimir Propp'un belirlediği ve alan yazınında sıklıkla temel alınan biçimsel işlevlere göre ayrılmış, metinlerarasılık ilkelerine dayanarak dönüşüm türlerine göre ele alınmıştır. Kesitlere ayrılan metinler, olay örgüsüne ve kişilerin işlevlerine göre tematik açıdan incelenmiştir. Anlatıcıların, masalı yazıya aktarırken metinlerde gerçekleştirdikleri dönüşümler üslup açısından karşılaştırılarak örneklerle sunulmuştur. Metinler cümle ve sözcük sayılarına göre biçimsel olarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak beş masal, başlangıç durumundan sonuç durumuna kadar farklı kelimelerle anlatılsa bile olayın ve ana kalıbın aynı anlam çerçevesinde olduğu belirlenmiştir

Abstract

Tales are oral literature products in which fictitious events are told, transmitted in a way with ambiguous place and time concept, they are formed and development by storytelling in folk speech. Tales are important in folklore and education for they handle universal and educational subjects; in this aspect it constitutes the subject of folklore, education, ethics, language and literature works. Oral literature works undergo some changes while being transferred from person to person, community to community; some changes also occur while they are being transferred from oral language to written language. These changes involve some additions, deductions, and alterations; they are basically explained as a result of the characteristic of linguistic sign, it is alive and developing. In this study, the subject is changes and alterations in tales transferred to writing by different narrators and compilers. In this context, alterations of the tale in different variants are examined comparatively in style, construction, and style. Tales are limited to tale books in one hundred fundamental works selections. The one with the oldest publication date was determined as the base text between five tales. Other four tales are assumed as co-text. In the study tales were distinguished according to the stylistic functions determined by Vladimir Propp and generally used in the body of literature, they were handled according to their alteration types based on intertextuality principles. The texts were cross-sectioned, they were examined thematically according to storyline and function of persons. Alterations made by tellers while transferring the tale into writing were compared stylistically and submitted with examples. Texts were compared stylistically according to their sentence and word number. As a result, it was determined that even though five tales were told with different words from start to finish, the main pattern stayed in the same meaning framework Tales are oral literature products formed by telling in folk language and carried over from generation to generation by telling. As they handle universal and educational subjects; tales are the subject of folklore, education, ethics, language and literature works. Though they are seen as adult language literature works, tales are one of the first texts children come across in pre-school age. One of the most known heroes of Turkish folk tales is Keloğlan. Turkish children generally come across Keloğlan tales by listening to tales in the pre-school age and reading and listening texts in school age. Keloğlan is a national motif in Turkish world, tales with the same type continue to exist in other types and genres as well as tales. Tales are oral folk narratives that continue to exist by being transferred from language to language, generation to generation, and community to community; they suffer some alterations related to narrator and text type in these transfers. Changes and alterations may be seen according to the content of the text and style of the teller. Tales can be retold with different words and sentences that reflect the style of the compiler without changing the characteristics of the type. Storyline usually stays the same; it may undergo small changes. According to Derive (1982: 20-21), changes and alterations in a text; can be in words, syntax, content, style that form the syntax or they can be some added information to the text, removing some information or changing them. However, these changes and alterations do not disrupt the integrity of the text. The subject of this study is to examine how a tale is told in similar tale texts in intertextual relationship context. Five different tales that have the same content/storyline were compared according to their structural and semantic characteristics and evaluated. The purpose of the study is to compare five tale texts that tell the story of Keloğlan's struggle against a giant in content and style (word, sentence). So that the stylistic and semantic alterations can be examined, one base text and its variants (texts similar to it) were chosen. It was assumed that Keloğlan tales with different names in 5 different tale books in primary education 100 fundamental works list could be variants -when factors that form intertextual relations are considered-. The first tale Keloğlan (Gökalp, Altın Işık: 1922) that is known to have the earliest publication date was accepted as the base text. Variants and versions are Keloğlanla Devanası (Ran, Sevdalı Bulutt: 1967), Erler Karısına Koca Olmaya Giden Keloğlan (Boratav, Az Gittik Uz Gittik: 1969) and Devanası ile Keloğlan (Alangu, Keloğlan Masalları: 1967), Üç Kardeşler (Tansel, Allı ile Fırfırı: 1976). Tales accepted as variants were coded respectively as EM1, EM2, EM3, EM4. Methodology Document research, content analysis, section analysis, category and frequency analysis methods which are qualitative research methods; were used in the study. Cross-sectioned texts were categorized according to tale functions determined by Propp (2008) and symbolized. Changes and alterations in content are detected according to the morphological function classification of the tale determined by Propp. Stylistic alterations in sections include lexical changes and alterations related to word count in texts, person, gender, place, means, functions, events, etc. According to Propp (2011), alterations as changes in basic style are examined in six types; reduction, expansion, distortion, reversal/inversion, extension and alleviation. In order to determine lexical alteration, texts were transferred to electronic environment, and word lists were created. Common and different areas were determined by frequency analysis. Findings and Conclusion Tale texts in the study were evaluated according to their changes and alterations in content, word, sentence level. When intertextual relations in text context were considered, these results came up: Changes such as reduction, alteration, inversi