GÖÇ VE PARÇALANMIŞ AİLE: GÖÇÜN ARDINDA KALANLARIN “DÖNÜŞ” FİLMİNDEKİ YANSIMALARI

MIGRATION AND FRAGMENTED FAMILY: REFLECTIONS OF THE PEOPLE LEFT BEHIND IN THE MOVIE “THE RETURN”

Özet

Göç geçmişten günümüze insanlığın en önemli toplumsal olgularından birisi olmuştur. Son dönemlerde hem göç alan hem de göç veren ülkelerden birisi olan Türkiye özellikle göç olgusunun iki boyutu olan iç ve dış göç hadisesini yoğun bir şekilde yaşamaktadır. Özellikle Anadolu'dan İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir gibi büyük kentlere doğru yapılan iç göçle birlikte yıllardır ağırlıklı olarak Avrupa ülkelerine doğru gerçekleşen tek yönlü işçi göçü hadisesi Türkiye'nin göç pratiklerinin en önemli görünümlerinden biridir. Her iki göç pratiğini de farklı dinamiklerle incelemek mümkündür. Ancak her iki göç türünde de en önemli sorunlardan birisi tek başına gerçekleşen -kısa ya da uzun süreligöçlerde ortaya çıkan aile sorunlarıdır. Bu çalışmada da özellikle dış göçle birlikte ortaya çıkan bir sorun üzerine değinilmektedir. Türkiye'den 1960'lı yıllardan bu yana çoğunlukla Avrupa ülkelerine doğru gerçekleşen dış göçün hem göç eden hem de göçün ardında kalanlar açısından çok farklı sonuçları ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sonuçlardan birisi de göçün ardında kalanlarla birlikte ortaya çıkan "parçalanmış aile" olgusudur. Göçün en önemli sorunlu alanlarından birisi olan parçalanmış aile olgusunu özellikle bugün ülkemizin yurt dışına yoğun göç veren yerlerinde hissetmek mümkündür. Bu çalışmada "göç ve parçalanmış aile" olgusu yıllar önce yayınlanmış olan ve o günün toplumsal ve ekonomik koşullarını yansıtarak bugüne ışık tutan, "Dönüş" sinema filmi üzerinden bir analiz yapılarak açıklamaya çalışılmıştır

Abstract

Migration is one of the most important social phenomena of humanity from past to present. Turkey, one of the countries dealing with internal and external migration, has intensively experienced the two dimensions of the migration, namely emigration and immigration, in recent years. The one-way external immigration of the workers mainly from Anatolia to the European countries for years and the internal migration particularly to the big cities like Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir, are among the most important aspects of immigration practices in Turkey. It is possible to analyze both migration practices with different dynamics. However it is known that when one family member migrates, both types of migration cause family problems whether it is a long or short term separation. This study deals with the problem that emerges especially with external migration. The external migration from Turkey to the European countries since 1960s has resulted in very different outcomes for both immigrants and the people they have left behind. One of the results of this problem is "fragmented family phenomenon". It is possible to observe the fragmented family problem particularly in the regions of our country where external migration rate is high. This study aimed to explain the “migration and fragmented family " case by analyzing "the Return", a movie filmed years ago, which not only reflects the social and economic conditions of the past but also sheds light on today As an ancient movement migration is important political, economic and social phenomenon that occurs voluntarily or compulsorily throughout the history. Migration takes place in two different ways as internal migration and external migration. This distinction is related with places. Internal migration is a movement towards different places of the country while external migration is towards different countries. Migration is sometimes a forced movement. People sometimes are forced to migrate for reasons such as wars, disasters, earthquakes and political problems. Today, migration of millions of people Syria due to war is the best example of forced displacement. Migration is sometimes a voluntary act. People choose to migrate to different countries with the desire to live better. This migration is more about business (economy) and big cities and big countries/cities attract people for migration. Turkey has experienced both migration forms intensively for decades. Various social and economic problems that come forth in both forms have been analyzed so far. However, most of the research on migration is mainly about immigrants, which has led the studies on migration to be limited to one aspect of the phenomenon heavily. The amount of the research into the people left behind is more than the research into immigrants themselves. This study aimed to make an analysis through the movie “Return”, which was about the people left behind the migration. The movie “Return” , though it was produced in 1973, is of significant importance as it reveals the social problems of its period and exhibits the “broken families” problem that appeared following the migration as well as its reflections on our time . It also gives us a chance to make comparisons about “broken families” issue which is still a current problem today. The external migration which began in 1960s in our country as a voluntary movement to find a new job and set up a new life still continues today with similar and differing aspects. The mobility, which is usually one way, between Turkey and Europe can be said to have both advantages and disadvantages in short and long term. The migration issue, which was initiated to meet the labor need and close the employment gap, has caused radical changes in the social structure of Turkey and the migrated country. It also led to the emergence of a new type of people called as “gurbetçi” (immigrant), to the development of multicultural social structure in the migrated country along with the wave of a new kind of multi culturalism. Besides it resulted in problems such as adaptation problems, the rise in illegal workers and asylum demands, traumatic cultural problems and broken families. One of the most significant features of Turkish worker migration to the West is that the first people migrated mostly by themselves. Going to the migrated country alone also caused a different family problem. Workers migrants first needed temporary immigration due to economic problems in their homeland. This migration was not a pattern of displacement with the family, but rather an individual and sex-based male predominantly an immigration pattern. However, some immigrants were able to bring their family to the country of immigration in the course of time, mainly by the possibilities, loneliness and the possibility of getting used to the living and economic conditions there. Some of them either did not or could not take the family abroad for different reasons (such as visa problems, the idea that the family could not adapt abroad, the desire to work back for a short time, and the need of parents in the country).Thus, with the migration abroad, a family problem arose where immigrants who did not take all or part of their family abroad or could not take it abroad. It is also possible to consider this as a "remnant of immigration" with a conceptualization. With regard to the people behind the immigration, there have been a number of broken family members in Turkey. Broken family is “the absence of one or both members in the family due to the reasons of death, abandonment, divorce and separation” (Saran, 1991: 132). The fact that one of the members of the family is away from home due to reasons such as working, wanting to live separately also points to the broken family. The best example of this is the families of people who have gone to work in other cities within the country or abroad for a long period of time, and have been away from the family. Of course, the most affected people in the bro