BURSA KIYILARINDA İKİNCİ KONUT YAPILAŞMASININ KIYI JEOMORFOLOJİSİNE ETKİSİ

THE EFFECT OF THE SECOND HOMES CONSTRUCTIONS IN BURSA COASTS ON THE COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOG

Özet

İnsanların kentlerin yaşam karmaşasından kurtulma ve daha rahat bir konuta sahip olma isteği, birçok rekreasyonel faaliyete imkân sağlayan kıyı alanlarının ikinci konutlarla dolmasına ve kıyı jeomorfolojinin bozulmasına neden olmaktadır. 1950'li yıllardan sonra, Ege ve Akdeniz kıyıları başta olmak üzere Marmara Denizi kıyılarında ikinci konutların sayısı hızlı bir artış göstermiştir. 1980'li yıllardan sonra kıyı turizminin teşvik edilmesiyle birlikte birçok kıyı alanı yapılaşma, doğal ve görsel kirlenme sorunu ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Son yıllarda kıyılara yönelik kanunların çıkarılması kısmen de olsa kıyı konutlarının yapımına sınırlandırmalar getirse de kanunların uygulanmasında çıkan sorunlar ve çelişkiler, mevcut kanunların tam olarak uygulanamaması gibi nedenlerle kıyılardaki konutların çevreye zarar verecek ölçüde artışına engel olunamamıştır. Bunun sonucunda Bursa ilinin kıyı ilçelerinde (Gemlik, Osmangazi, Mudanya, Karacabey) nüfus, 1980 yılında 145.050 iken, 1990 yılında 510.902'ye, 2013 yılında ise 700.649'a yükselmiştir. Artan nüfus ile birlikte kıyıda bulunan tarım ve orman alanlarının büyük bir bölümü de tatil siteleri ve ikinci konutlarla doldurulmuştur. Yaz aylarında eklenen turist nüfusu da göz önüne alındığında, il kıyılarının doğal ve jeomorfolojik yapısı üzerinde önemli bir baskı olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin kuzeybatısında ve Marmara Denizi'nin güneydoğusunda yaklaşık 10500 km² yüzölçümü ve 124 km kıyı uzunluğuna sahip olan Bursa ili kıyılarında tatil konutlarının kendilerini kıyıya çeken kaynakları nasıl yok ettiği ve kıyı jeomorfolojisine olan etkileri tespit edilerek, henüz bu konutlara açılmamış kıyılar için etkilerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Geri kazanılması mümkün olmayan bu şekiller turizmin de doğal kaynakları niteliğinde olduğundan doğa anıtları olarak koruma altına alınması ve Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Yasası kapsamına kıyı jeomorfolojisine ait şekiller de eklenip doğal sit alanı olarak korunması gerekmektedir

Abstract

It is obvious that population growth and urbanization will lead to various problems particularly in unprotected coastal areas when considering the fact that over 40 million of population live in coastal cities and coastal ports are actively used, fertile agricultural areas are located in coastal plains and many touristic facilities are established again in the points of coastal areas near the sea in our country that is surrounded by seas on three sides. Urbanization, destruction of vegetation, allowing settlements in agricultural lands, change in the structure of rural economies, pollution caused by the seasonal population growth negatively affect the geographical environment in coastal areas that were turned into concrete jungles every day due to providing favorable environments for holiday homes. The coasts of Bursa province, one of the coast cities of the Marmara Sea, are one of places in provinces that offer very favorable geographical conditions for tourism and recreations. Tourism investments, which increase in parallel with the rapidly developing tourism sector in the province, cause a significant growth in population particularly since 1990. As a result, the population in coastal districts of Bursa province (Gemlik, Osmangazi, Mudanya and Karacabey) rose to 510.902 in 1990 while it was 145.050 in 1980 and to 700.649 in 2013. A large part of the agricultural lands and forest areas, located in the coast, was filled with holiday resorts and secondary homes due to growing population. A significant pressure emerges on the natural and geomorphologic structure of coastal provinces given the added tourist population in the months of summer. Therefore, this study was aimed at establishing how holiday resorts in the coasts of Bursa province located in northwestern Turkey and southeast of the Marmara Sea with about 10500 km2 of surface area and 124 km of coastline length (detected shoreline length is 109 km according to the Coastal Law No 3621) destroyed sources that attract them to the coasts and determining their effects on coastal geomorphology as well as presenting their impact on the coasts that are not yet opened for settlements. The sheets of geological map 1: 100000 in scale obtained from MTA, was digitized by manual digitizing method after having been scanned in JPEG format at high resolution. The distribution of lithological units was determined by using ArcGIS 10 software program. Sheets in vector format of 1:25000 scale, obtained from the General Command of Maps, were used as the base in determining the geomorphologic features of the area. Altitude levels and geology and geomorphology maps of the research area were produce from these maps. These processes were also supported by the land surveys. Color digital Orthophotos in the resolution of 0.45 cm, produced by the General Directorate of Maps, were used during the creation of the maps. The coats of the Marmara Sea, which houses the most number of holiday dwellings after the coats of the Aegean Sea, are ranked first in terms of holiday lodgings in the form of apartments. 46.640, out of Bursa Kıyılarında İkinci Konut Yapılaşmasının Kıyı Jeomorfolojisine Etkisi 643 Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 10/2 Winter 2015 102.400 secondary homes, were apartment flats according to the census conducted in 1989. 19.544 of them are in the coasts of the Marmara Sea (19%). A large part of the holiday homes, in the coats of Buyukkumla, Kucukkumla, Narlı, and Karacaali located on the north of the Gulf of Gemlik in the shores of Bursa province, was constructed in the form of apartment flats. 4621 apartment flats, 19 double-storey, and 1 single-storey holiday homes were detected in Kucuk Kumla in 1989. Küçükkumla, due to this aspect, was ranked first in Turkey during the census period. According to the findings of the study, holiday homes showed an unplanned and linear parallel development even though Büyükkumla and Küçükkumla plains of Gemlik district, which has the longest coastline expanding along the eastern shoes of the Gulf of Gemlik, are the largest lowland areas (2.5 – 3 km) of the inland coast. Therefore, the vast plain in the background, which has a cramped coastal area and is unable to establish visual relationship with the sea, has lost its appeal. The eastern coasts of Narli settlement, established in the west of Karacaali and a wide plain and allocated for olive groves, are constantly filled with secondary homes day by day since there are considered to be appropriate places for holiday homes. Beaches with narrow strands, in front of the high coasts located between two large plains with lower coasts and in the coasts of the plains, stretch out in the area that remain between the west of Karacaali settlement and Narli. But, the beaches of both settlements are also combined with the holiday housings. The same situation is also observed in the coast between Karacaali and Büyük Kumla. The longest strands and beaches in the southern coasts of Gemlik were formed in the coasts of Kumsaz. But, the commencement of holiday housings in Kumsaz coasts immediately behind the coastline between Deynecik Stream and Kapan Stream has led to the disappearance of the beach. Kumyaka holiday housing and “Kume Houses” holiday resorts to the east spoilt the natural appearance of the coast in the coastline from Zeytinbagi (Trilye) up to Mudanya. Even though the center of Mudanya largely preserved its natural texture in the early 20th century, olive groves in its surroundings were filled with secondary homes made of concrete blocks. Another one of the areas, whose natural appearances were changed by human intervention, is the coasts of Kocaçay Delta which attract international interest with its beaches and natural vegetation in the western end of the province. The coastal dunes of Kocaçay Delta are one of the four areas in the coasts of Northwest Anatolia with international significanc