FARKLI ENGEL GRUPLARI OLAN KADINLARIN BAĞLANMA STİLLERİ

Özet

Bu çalışma farklı engel grupları olan kadınların bağlanma stillerini belirlemek amacıyla yapıldı. Engelli kadınların bağlanma stillerini değerlendirmeye yönelik olarak yapılan bu araştırma kapsamında, Ankara ilinde yaşayan engelli kadınlar araştırmanın evrenini oluşturmaktadır. Örneklemi Ankara'da bulunan bir üniversiteye rehabilitasyon amacıyla başvuran engelli kadınlar oluşturmaktadır. Örneklem, bu bölümde tedavi olan engelli kadınlar arasından tesadüfi olarak seçilmiştir. Araştırmada 18-60 yaş arası 98 engelli kadınla tedaviye geldiklerinde, tedaviden önce anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan engelli kadınların yaş, medeni durum, çalışma durumunu, engel türü gibi demografik özelliklerini belirlemek için sosyodemografik bilgi formu, bağlanma stillerini belirlemek için de İlişki Ölçekleri Anketi kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak engelli kadınlar arasında en yaygın bağlanma stilinin güvenli bağlanma stili (% 43.9) olduğu görülmüştür. Bunu sırasıyla korkulu (% 28.6), kayıtsız (%14.3), saplantılı (13.3) bağlanma stillerinin takip ettiği belirlenmiştir. Hem çalışan hem de çalışmayan engelli kadınlarda güvenli bağlanma stilinin en yaygın görülen bağlanma stili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Doğuştan engelli olanlarda korkulu (% 37.7), sonradan engelli olanlarda ise güvenli bağlanma(% 80.4) stilinin yaygın olduğu görülmüştür. Engel türüne göre bakıldığında ortopedik engellilerde, dil ve konuşma bozukluğu olanlarda, görme engellilerde güvenli bağlanma stilinin en yaygın olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İşitme engellilerde ve süreğen hastalığı olanlarda ise hem güvenli hem de korkulu bağlanmanın eşit oranda olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma sonucunda elde edilen verilerin farklı engel grupları olan kadınların bu engellerinden ne ölçüde etkilendiklerinin belirlenmesinde ve sorunlarının saptanmasında çözüm yolları için farkındalık oluşturacağı umulmaktadır

Abstract

A person's attachment style is determined early in life and is thought to be persistent, shaping the contact pattern of the person with others (Bowlby 1973). Bartholomew recommended a four-way pattern for the attachment process in adulthood according to whether the individual has positive or negative views about himself/herself and others. Accordingly, individuals with a secure attachment style have positive cognitive patterns regarding both themselves and others. These individuals have a secure and happy attitude towards their relationships and accept the faults of their spouses easily. Individuals with a preoccupied attachment styles have a negative pattern towards themselves and positive towards others. They are not uncomfortable when close to others but experience feelings of abandonment. Indıviduals with a dismissing attachment style have a positive pattern towards themselves and negative towards others. They are afraid of suffering and of developing attachments and close relationships make them uncomfortable. Finally, individuals with a fearful attachment style have a negative pattern towards themselves and others. They are afraid of closeness and therefore avoid it. They want to establish social relationships but fear being abandoned. They also avoid romantic relationships (İlhan, 2012; Morsünbül, 2011). Our society emphasizes the positive characteristics of the body structure. Body appearance has a large effect on self-respect, and evaluation of the body and the way it is perceived by the person are gradually becoming more important. Disabled people generally have a different body appearance and are among those most commonly affected by this attitude of the society. It can be said that disabled people are affected by this negative attitude and the judgments directed at themselves and internalize these attitudes so that their self-esteem and attachment styles are ultimately affected. Getting married, being employed, adapting to family life, learning to live together, and having and raising children are among the tasks expected from the individual by the society in early adulthood (Onur, 2003). The fulfillment of these tasks by the individual ensures societal status. Society's expectations from disabled individuals in this period are limited, as in other periods. The disabled individual is isolated from the society and the expectations of the family, social environment and gradually the society and even the person's own expectations are at an extremely low level. Children with disabilities that develop at an early age face more protective behavior than children without disabilities. Some parents are overly protective and believe that their child with disability cannot perform the developmental tasks of that period. Disabled people encounter such beliefs throughout life (Demiröz, 2000: 48; İçağasıoğlu Çoban, 2003: 42). Low self-perception and self-esteem affect their attachment styles negatively from childhood. Disabled people therefore cannot easily rely on others in close relationships The first childhood experiences of individuals are extremely important in shaping their behavior and interpersonal relationships. This also applies to disabled women. The attachment styles shaped with the first childhood experiences can affect the daily life, friendly relationships, marriage and romantic relationships of these women. Disabled women cannot trust and effectively communicate with those around them in later years. We hope that this study can make a significant contribution to determining the attachment styles that being disabled may cause. The sample of this study consisted of disabled females who presented to a university in Ankara for rehabilitation and the subjects were randomly selected among the disabled females who were treated at our department. The study questionnaire was administered before treatment to 98 disabled women aged 18 to 60 years when they came for treatment in this study. The subjects were selected among disabled women who had no mental disability. A sociodemographic information form including questions aiming to determine the demographic characteristics such as age, marital status, educational status, working status and the type of disability and the Relationship Scales Questionnaire were administered to the disabled women in the sample to collect the data required for the study. There were 18 subjects aged 18-24 years (18.4%), 15 aged 25-30 years (15.3%), 13 aged 31-35 years (13.3%), 8 aged 36-40 years (8.2%), 16 aged 41-45 years (16.3%), 7 aged 46-50 years (7.1%) and 21 over 51 years (21.4%). Forty of the females were married (40.8%), 6 were divorced (6.1%), 46 had never married (46.9%), and 6 were widows (6.1%) We had 7 subjects who were illiterate, 7 could only read and write, 21 were primary school graduates, 14 secondary school/elementary school graduates, 24 high school graduates, 2 undergraduates and 23 university students or graduates. While the ratios of subjects who were primary school, secondary school or university graduates were similar, there was also a high percentage of illiterate subjects or those who could only read and write. Employment status evaluation revealed that 22 of our 98 subjects were working while 76 were not working. Factors such as employment problems in Turkey, limitation of job opportunities for people with disabilities and the inability of women to participate in the business environment are thought to be effective in this high rate of women who were not working. According to Genç and Çat (2013), the disabled population in our country cannot develop professional skills as a result of the education problems they experience and this may be the reason for not working. The monthly income level was below the minimum wage in 32 subjects, at the minimum wage level in 20, 1000 to 1500 TL in 33, 1501 to 2000 TL in 9, 2001 to 2500 TL in 3 subjects and 3001 to 3500 TL in 1 subject. The reason for the high percentage of subjects with a month