TÜRKÇEDE ORTAK KÖKLÜ KELİMELERDE ANLAM FARKLILAŞMASI: TAVAN VE TABAN ÖRNEĞİ

SENSE DIFFERENTIALS IN MUTUAL ROOTED WORDS IN TURKISH: INSTANCE OF TAVAN AND TABAN

Özet

Kelimeler, ortaya çıktıkları ya da oluşturuldukları ilk andaki sahip oldukları anlamları sonsuza kadar koruyamazlar. Başlangıçta iyi bir anlama sahip bir kelime sonradan kötü bir anlam kazanabilir. Ya da tam tersi olarak kötü bir anlama sahipken sonradan iyi bir anlama değişebilir. Örneğin 'yavuz' kelimesi tarihî lehçelerde "kötü, fena, pis" anlamlarında kullanılırken, bugün "güçlü, çetin; iyi, gürbüz, güzel; güzel huylu; yiğit, mert; eli açık; becerikli, çalışkan; sert, keskin, yabanıl" gibi anlamlarda kullanılmaktadır. Anlam farklılaşması dediğimiz bu olay Türkçenin her döneminde görülen bir durumdur. Özellikle Eski Türkçe ile Eski Anadolu Türkçesi dönemi karşılaştırıldığında sayısız kelimenin olduğu görülür. Bir kelimenin anlamı, sözlükteki madde başı olarak verilen kelimenin karşılığı olarak verilen anlamlar mıdır, yoksa kullanımı esnasında ifade ettiklerinin bütünü müdür? Bu, aslında sözlük bilimi alanında çalışanların da çok tartıştığı konulardan biridir. Aslında kelimenin esas anlamının yanında yan anlamlarının da olduğu, aslında konuşma esnasında kelimelere sayısız anlamlar yüklenebileceğinin mümkün olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu yan anlamlar belirli bir süre sonra değişikliğe uğrayıp yeni kelime gibi algılanabilirler. Hatta zamanla esas anlamını gölgelemeye başlarlar. Örneğin 'daire' kelimesi gibi. Başlangıçta geometrik şekli ifade ederken günümüzde 'konut olarak kullanılan bir yapının bölümlerinden her biri, kat' anlamında öncelikli olarak kullanılmaktadır. Türkçe Sözlük'te daire kelimesinin 7 anlamı verilmiş ve geometriyle ilgili olan anlamı 6. anlam olarak sıralanmıştır. Başlangıçta esas olan bu anlamın 6. sıraya gerilemesi, yıllar içerisinde karşılaştığı farklı kullanımların sonucudur. Bu çalışmada, ortak köklü olmasına rağmen zamanla anlam ve biçim bakımından farklılaşan taban ve tavan kelimeleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Köken bilgisi sözlükleri ve diğer sözlükler yardımıyla taban ve tavan kelimelerinin Eski Türkçeden günümüze kadar olan kullanımları ve çağdaş Türk lehçelerindeki karşılıkları verilmiştir. Başlangıçta tek bir kelime olan taban, ses değişimine uğrayarak tavan biçimine dönüşmüştür. Ses değişimine uğradıktan sonra ağızlarda varlığını sürdürmüş ancak yazı dilinde kullanımı çok sonraları olmuştur

Abstract

Words, they occur or when they are created, the first they have meanings cannot protect forever at the moment of. Initially a word has a good sense of in the begining, then the word can win with a bad sense later. Or vice versa, when it has a bad understanding as a later undersatnding might change. For example, “yavuz” the word fort he historic dialects “bad, nasty, dirty” when it is used in the sense, today it can be used with the meaning as “strong, tough; good, robust, beautiful; good-natured, brave, generous; sharp, wild”. The differentiation of meaning that we call this event is a condition that is seen in every period of Turkish. Especially Old Anatolian Turkish period when compared with that Old Turkic word is seen countless of the word. The meaning of word in the dictionary article as per the given word is given as the equivalent of meaning, or during the use of the expression the whole directory? This is actually one of the issues discussed in many of those working in the field of Lexicology. In fact, the word is meaning “on the side next to the meaning based on, conversation can be installed countless meanings of words during is known to be possible. After a certain period of time this side of meaning and can be detected as new word and changed. In fact, they start shading the meaning based on schedule. For example, the word such as "circle" Initially, the geometric shape to express today, "housing a structure used as each of the episodes," flat (fold) "in the sense that it is used as a priority. In Turkish Dictionary, seven different definitions are given fort he Word “circle”, the one related to geometry being the 6’th 868 Ali TAN Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 10/4 Winter 2015 definition. Initially it is essential that this significance 6’th line up over the years, different usage experience is the result of the of devolution. In this study, although rooted in common in terms of meaning and time format has diversified taban and tavan of the words emphasized. Etymologcal and other dictionaries of the word taban and tavan with the help of translation from the present day uses and modern Turkish dialects, are given in. Initially slashed the taban, sound exchange visit, has evolved into the format of the tavan. Sound exchange continued its existence in the certain accents after however long after the use in writing has been. The development of this phoneme in the word taban and tavan Turkish is one of the natural development for historical development. Internal phoneme and final phoneme /b/ is known the first in the West Turkish with bilabial “-w-, -w”, then the labia-dental consonant “-v-, -v”, has maintained the line of development of as “-v-”. Still, Old Turkic /g/ phoneme in the western Turkish by showing a different development in Eastern Turkish natural borders on three sides is different. 1. /g/ is turned into /ğ/ some time later, become /y/: beg > beğ > bey 2. /g/ is turned into /v/; kagun > kavun 3. /g/ is dropped; sarıg > sarı, kapıgıg > kapıyı, kapgan > kapan, kaganlıg > kağanlı, bürge > pire This is the case in the development of /b/. Western Turkish some initial phoneme /b/ is interfered phoneme changes; such as bol- > ol-, bar- > var-, bil > bil-, bürge > pire, ben > men. Internal phoneme and final phoneme “b” also has changed and the present day it is as follows: sub ~ suw > su; çabış > çavuş; seb- ~ sew > sev. Despite coming from the same root with the current use was perceived as different words are in other Text is subject to our taban, the words below the tavan as the words come from the same root as different words today despite detected and refers to different meanings. The following these different uses are given on the basis of the Turkish dictionary. barış - varış barış: 1. noun Reconciliation. 2. Status after an agreement specified that the war is over, peace. 3. After such a treaty process in human history. 4. Harmony, mutual understanding and tolerance is created with the environment. varış: 1. noun Arrival. 2. sports The last of a race where found. Finish. saban - sapan saban: noun Double-tipped iron agriculture where conditions of animals lasted tool. sapan: noun 1. The two ends of the rope, the middle of knitting or throwing stones with a leather tool. 2. Usually the children use to hit a bird, the two ends of the rubber and tires wide piece of leather attached to the fork of the vehicle. 3. Circle made of rope to pass on something to remove. 4. technical Reel to connect anywhere table is passed around the rope or iron generations. Türkçede Ortak Köklü Kelimelerde Anlam Farklılaşması: Tavan ve Taban Örneği 869 Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 10/4 Winter 2015 The above examples is supporting it with the word taban "b", the historic in the process, she started a semantic perspective the change. "the sole of the foot, sole, etc" when it is used with the meanings of Khwarezm in Turkish from the works of Mukaddimetü'l-Edep as in the example in "reverse/head-down" meaning is installed. This meaning, fort his word in the dialects -b-, -w-, -v- phoneme exchange has prepared the ground and the formation of a time understanding this basic, stripped of its meaning, and then has an opposite meaning. Since the Old Turkic is actually existing "the sole of the foot" means point of view, according to the location of the tavan to be semantically different other word like it was used as the opposite of detect and taban has led to. We use the tavan as part of a structure is, in fact, we press our feet is the place. So the above, according to the person who placed the bottom of the foot on the floor above; for someone who is looking up from below, can be detected as the top. A similar phenomena occurs fort he words “köşe (corner outside) and bucak (corner inside). The word “bucak” the word order in the Old Turkic