KLASİK VE KLASİK ÖNCESİ DÖNEM ÇAĞATAY TÜRKÇESİ ESERLERİNDE ŞAHIS VE İŞARET ZAMİRLERİNİN TAMLAMA KURULUŞUNDA VE EDATLARLA KULLANILIŞI

PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS IN PRE-CLASSICAL AND CLASSICAL PERIOD CHAGATAI TURKISH WORKS USAGE WITH POSTPOSITIONS AND IN THE DETERMINATIVE GROUP ESTABLISHMENT

Özet

Zamirler, tek başlarına anlamları olmayan nesneleri temsil ya da işaret yoluyla karşılayan kelimelerdir. Nesnelerin isimleri değildirler ve geçici olarak o isimlerin yerini tutarlar. Zamirler, kendilerinden sonra gelen kelime ya da kelime gruplarına ilgi hâli eki alarak bağlanırlar. Çağatay Türkçesi döneminde kullanılan şahıs zamirleri, min, sin, biz, siz; işaret zamirleri, bu, ol' dur. Çağatay Türkçesinde üçüncü şahsı ifade eden şahıs zamiri yoktur; yerine işaret zamiri ol kullanılmaktadır. Şahıs zamirlerinin ilgi hâli eki almış şekilleri mening / mining; sening/ sining; bizning, sizning; işaret zamirlerinin ilgi hâli eki almış şekilleri munıng / munung, anıng / alarnıng'dır. Bir dilin ana dil olduğunu gösteren ölçütler arasında sayı adları, sayı sistemi, vücut ve organ isimlerinin dışında şahıs zamirlerini de saymak mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, dili ana dil yapan ölçütlerden şahıs ve işaret zamirleri incelenmiş, bu zamirlerin Çağatay Türkçesi döneminde kullanılan şekilleri olan mining, sining; bizing, sizing ve işaret zamirlerinden olan ve şahıs zamiri olarak kullanılan anıng ile işaret zamiri munung'un iyelik eki almış kelimelerle tamlama şeklinde kuruluşu ve söz dizimi açısından farklı kullanımları değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, Türkiye Türkçesi döneminde şahıs zamirleri düşürülerek tamlama oluşturulurken Çağatay Türkçesinin klasik dönem eserlerinden olan Ali Şîr Nevâyî'nin divan ve mesnevileri ile Hüseyin Baykara ve Lutfî'nin Divanı'nda tespit edilen tamlamalarda, tamlayan ve tamlanan yer değiştirse görülmektedir. Ayrıca tamlamalarda, tamlayan ile tamlanan arasında zamir ve sıfatların, pekiştirme ifade eden bağlaçların kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Çağatay Türkçesindeki şahıs ve işaret zamirlerinin ilgi hâl eki alarak tamlama şeklinde kullanımları incelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Bu makalede, Çağatay Türkçesinin klasik döneminde eser veren, Ali Şîr Nevâyî'nin divan ve mesnevileri ile Hüseyin Baykara ve Lutfî'nin Divan'ı taranarak eserlerden örnekler verilecektir

Abstract

Pronouns are the words that substitute for objects either through pointing to them or taking place of them. Pronouns are meaningless when they are not used in a context but alone. They are not the names of objects but they substitute for them. They can be made interrelated to the nouns or noun phrases that come after them using possessive suffixes. Personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns which were used in Chagatai Turkish are “min, sin, biz, siz” and “bu, ol” respectively. There is no third singular personal pronoun in Chagatai Turkish: the demonstrative pronoun “ol” is used in place of it. When personal pronouns take relative pronoun, they become “mening / mining; sening/ sining; bizning, sizning, when demonstrative pronouns take relative pronoun, they become “munıng / munung, anıng / alarnıng”. Among the criteria that a native language (mother-tongue) should have, apart from names of numbers, systems of numbers, names of body and organs, personal pronouns can also be counted. In this study, mining, sining and bizing, sizing which are the forms of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns which are one of the criteria that makes a language ‘a native language’ and which are used in Chagatai Turkish and anıÆ which is one of demonstrative pronouns and which can be used as personal pronoun and use of munuÆ with words which are attached to possessive suffix in a construction and its different uses in terms of syntax are examined by giving some samples of couplets from divan and masnavi of Ali Şir Nevâyî and from divan of Lutfî and Hüseyin Baykara, who created some works in Chagatai Turkish. While Turkish pronouns are being reduced during the Turkish Turkish period, they can not be reduced during the Cagatay Turkish period. In addition, in the between genitive case and determination of determinative groups used personal and demonstrative pronouns are seen that used conjunctions, pronouns and adjectives. Especially the conjunctions are used to express reinforcement in the sentence. However, in the usage as determinative groups of pronouns, in the genitive case and determination of determinative groups have been seen their place changes. In this study, it is tried to examine the use of the personal and demonstrative pronouns of Chagatai Turkısh in the form of determinative group It has been given some samples of couplets from divan and masnavi of Ali Şir Nevâyî, from divan of Lutfî and Hüseyin Baykara who created some works in Chagatai Turkish. Pronouns are the words that substitute for objects either through pointing to them or taking place of them. Pronouns are meaningless when they are not used in a context but alone. They are not the names of objects but they substitute for them. They can be made interrelated to the nouns or noun phrases that come after them using possessive suffixes. Personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns which were used in Chagatai Turkish are “min, sin, biz, siz” and “bu, ol” respectively. There is no third singular personal pronoun in Chagatai Turkish: the demonstrative pronoun “ol” is used in place of it. When personal pronouns take relative pronoun, they become “mening / mining; sening/ sining; bizning, sizning”, when demonstrative pronouns take relative pronoun, they become “munıng / munung, anıng / alarnıng”. In this study,mining, sining and bizing, sizing which are the forms of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns which are one of the criteria that makes a language ‘a native language’ and which are used in Chagatai Turkish and anıng which is one of demonstrative pronouns and which can be used as personal pronoun and use of munung with words which are attached to possessive suffix in a construction and its different uses in terms of syntax are examined by giving some samples of couplets from divan and masnavi of Ali Şir Nevâyî, from divan of Lutfî and Hüseyin Baykara, who created some works in Chagatai Turkish. Introduction to the Study and Its Objective: Chagatai Turkish, which has continued its existence as a speech language and a written language both in the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, the Caspian Sea and Iran, extending from the beginning of the 15th century to the beginning of the 20th century and extending to the north and east, It is a source of Turkish language work with rich language materials. In this work, divan and masnavis of Ali Şîr Nevâyî, the divan of Lutfî and Hüseyin Baykara who created some works in Chagatai Turkish were examined. The usage patterns of the personal and demonstrative pronouns of Chagatai Turkish period were detected. Some examples were given from these studies. Conceptual Framework of the Study: In this study, mining, sining and bizing, sizing which are the forms of personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns which are one of the criteria that makes a language ‘a native language’ and which are used in Chagatai Turkish and anıng which is one of demonstrative pronouns and which can be used as personal pronoun and use of munung with words which are attached to possessive suffix in a construction and its use with prepositions or its different uses in terms of syntax are examined by giving some samples of couplets from divan and masnavi of Ali Şir Nevâyî, from divan of Lutfî and Hüseyin Baykara, who created some works in Chagatai Turkish. There have been many studies on pronouns. Some of these are: Abik, D. (2003). The separation of pronouns in Kutadgu Bilig. Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Sempozyumu 2003-Mustafa Canpolat Armağanı. Ankara; Erdem, M. (2005). Pronouns, Are Meaningful Words, or Are they Meaning Words? Türk Dili Dergisi, S.641, ss.444-449; Demir, Celâl. (2007). The Semantıc and Syntactıcal Characterıstıcs of The Elements Constıtutıng Noun Closes ın Turkey’s Turkısh, Turkısh Studies, İnternational Periodical For The Languages, Literature And History Of Turkish Or Turkic Volume 2/4 Fall 2007,p.1135-1142, ANKARA-TURKEY, Tömörtogoo, D. (2008). System of personal pronouns in Mongolia.(Çev. Fevzi Ers