NİĞDE İDADİSİ

Özet

Osmanlı Devleti'nin 17. yüzyıl ile başlayan ve yaklaşık olarak iki yüzyıl süren modernizasyon dönemi anlayışının ortaya çıkardığı, yeni bir eğitim kademesi olan idadilerin binaları halen kullanılmakta olup varlıklarını işlevsel olarak sürdürmektedirler. Günümüz eğitim sistemi ile bağlarını bu yolla koparmamış olan idadilerin gerek mimari yapıları gerekse kendi dönemlerinde üstlendikleri misyonlarıyla aydınlatılması; Türkiye sağlayacaktır. Rüştiyelerin üzerinde ve yüksekokullara öğrenci yetiştiren sivil ortaöğretim kurumlarının bulunmayışından 1Eylül 1869 Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi ile sivil ortaöğretim kurumları olarak kabul edilen idadilerin açılması kararı alınmıştır. Dört yıllık rüştiyelerin üzerinde üç yıl ilave edilerek gerçekleştirilen programla hem eğitim-öğretim daha da gelişecek hem de din, ırk, mezhep ayrımı yapılmadan bütün tebaanın çocukları bir arada eğitim görecektir İlk idadi 1873 tarihinde İstanbul'da açılır. Yenişehir İdadisi taşrada açılan ilk idadidir. 1885 ve sonrasında Anadolu'da inşası yaygınlaşan idadilerden birisi olan Niğde İdadisi mülki, nehari (gündüzlü) ve 5 yıllık bir idadidir. 1913 yılına kadar açılan 117 idadiden birdir (Ergin, 1970: 945). Niğde İdadi binası akademik çalışmalarda daha önce ele alınmayan bir konudur. Bu çalışma ile Niğde İdadisi arşiv belgeleri, salnameler, yerel kaynaklar ve arazi çalışması yapılarak, Türkiye genelinde inşa edilmiş olan diğer idadiler ile karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmaya çalışılmaktadır.

Abstract

The buildings of high schools which were a new education stage introduced by the understanding of modernisation period starting with 17. century and including the last two hundred years of Ottoman Empire are still used today and maintain their existence functionally. The illumination of the high schools, which have not broken their ties with contemporary education system in this way both through their architectural structure and the missions which they had taken on during their own period, will provide contribution to understanding the educational background of Turkish Republic. It was decided to open the high schools which were accepted as non-governmental secondary school through 1st September 1869 Statute on General Education because of the fact that there were no non –governmental secondary schools over Ottoman Junior High Schools and growing students for the colleges. Both education will improve much more thanks to the programme which has been put into practice by adding three years over four-year Ottoman Junior High School and the whole children of citizens will receive education together without making religion, race and sect discrimination. The first high school was opened in Istanbul in 1873. The first high school opened in rural is the one opened in Yenişehir in 1875. Niğde High School, one of the high schools whose construction became widespread in Anatolia in 1885 and after 1885, is a civil, day school and it is a fiveyears high school. It is one of the 117 high schools which were opened till 1913 (Ergin,1970: 945) The building of Niğde High School is a subject that has not been handled before within the academic studies. Niğde High School is presented with archive documents, annuals, local awareness and land works within this study. The structure is tried to be presented comparatively with the high schools built throughout Turkey Niğde High School building is a subject that has not been handled in academic studies before. Niğde High School is tried to be handled comparatively with the other high schools constructed across Turkey through this study and in this sense, archive documents, annuals, local resources and land studies are also used to support it. The first high school was opened in Istanbul in the year of 1873. Yenişehir High School is the first high school opened in provinces. Niğde High School, one of the high schools whose construction spreaded in Anatolia in 1885 and following it, is a civil, daytime and five-year high school. It is one of the 117 high schools opened until 1913. (Ergin, 1970:945). The word of idadi, which is an Arabic word, has been derived from the root of “idad”. This root means to prepare, to improve and the place which is peculiar to prepare something (Pakalın, 2004: 34; Kodaman, 1999: 114). It is known that the word of “idadi” is not initially used as a certain stage of Ottoman education system, but it is used for the expression of the preparation classes that were opened to grow up students for some schools. The period of Abdulhamid II. (1876-1909) can be accepted as a period in which the reforms of education seeded in the previous reigns bore fruit. The reforms of education which were carried out as mostly Istanbul –centered at the beginning also spreaded to the provinces within this period and so, this situation indicates that the province public’s point of view towards modern education changed at the same time. The change that is observed in the field of education in Niğde province shows a progress suitable for the education understanding of the period. The modernisation studies that were made in Ottoman education system make themselves feel in this city, as well. The essential breakthroughs within the modernisation period also come true in Niğde through the rudimentary schools, junior high schools, secondary schools opened in the centre of district, the schools of teacher training, the schools of darulmuallimat and the schools of sultaniye. There were totally 10 Ottoman elementary-primary schools and rudimentary schools in Niğde between 1868 and 1903 for the education of Muslims and Non-muslims (Topal, 2016: 262). It is also seen that junior high school was opened in Niğde in 1868. A two-storey construction built as a student dormitory in 1849 is used for this school. This building was destroyed in the year of 1974 and then 23 Nisan Havacılar Secondary School was opened (Gürer, 2010: 502). There are 9 schools belonging to the minorities in Niğde besides the Muslim schools within this period. These are as follows: Armenian Zükur School, Church Inas School, Deneği School, Aravan School, Kurdunus School, Fertek School, Kayabaşı School, Church School and Tahtalu School (Topal, 2016: 268). Niğde High School, where Muslim and Non-muslim students graduating from the schools mentioned above received education together and a high-level education was given, is an integrative and significant institution from this aspect. It is observed that the Ottoman Empire did not stint the financial possibilities in order to get a brand new education suitable for the era and dealt with the school buildings’ construction with a serious perspective. It is also seen that it considered the association of plan, material and style on the buildings they built. These education institutions, which were supported not only in terms of the construction of school buildings but also the teachers and educational tools, have continued to be used today since the years when they were built. The buildings of 22 highschools out of 55 highschools which have been opened within the land of Turkey still exist. The most of these buildings are used as high schools today. Niğde High School, one of these schools, is tried to be illuminated in all its parts through this study Inductive method is employed throughout this study. An obscurity came into question about the date, construction process and type of the building during the land works. System of Education annuals, archive documents