Zîrîlerin Fâtımî Hilafetini Terkedip Abbasî Hilafetini Tanımaları Sürecinde Şii-Sünni Mücadelesi

Shiite Sunni Struggle in the Process of the Zirid's Abandonment of the Fatimid Caliphate by Recognizing the Abbasid Caliphate

Özet

İlk Kuzey Afrika fetihlerinden itibaren Berberîlerin merkezî yönetimle sıkıntılar yaşadığı bilinmektedir. Başlarda irtidat etmeye meyilli olan Berberîler, zaman içerisinde irtidattan vazgeçip muhalif siyasî-dinî fırkalara intisap etmeyi tercih ettiler. 8. yüzyılda Hâricîliğin etkili olduğu Kuzey Afrika'da 10. yüzyılda diğer bir muhalif fırka olan İsmailî Şiîlik Berberîler arasında yayılma imkânı buldu. Fâtımîlerin, Kutâme kabilesinin desteğiyle Ağlebî emaretini yıkmaları ve İfrikiye'de devletlerini kurmaları bölgede önemli hadiselerin de fitilini ateşledi. Hem Hâricîler hem de Sünnîler bu yeni otoriteye itaat etmeyeceklerini gösterdiler. Fâtımîler zor da olsa bu isyanları bastırmayı başardılar. Ancak başşehrin İfrikiye'den Mısır'a taşınması bir süre sonra Fâtımîlerin Kuzey Afrika'daki hâkimiyetlerini zayıflatmaya başladı. Kendilerine bağlı olarak Kuzey Afrika'yı yöneten Zîrî hanedanının müstakil olma teşebbüslerini farklı siyasî manevralarla uzun bir dönem engelleyen Fâtımîler, 11. yüzyılın ortalarına gelindiğinde artık Zîrîleri kontrol edemez hâle gelmişti. Hanedandan Muiz b. Bâdis, Sünnî âlimlerin de desteğiyle Fâtımîlerden bağımsız olmak siyasetini dinî alana da taşıdı ve Şiîlere karşı Sünnîleri destekledi. Bu makâlede Zîrî Emiri Muiz döneminde (406-454 | 1016-1062) özellikle Mâlikî âlimlerin halk ve emir üzerindeki nüfuzu ile bu nüfuzun Şiî-Sünnî mücadelesindeki etkisi siyasî ve içtimaî yansımaları açısından ele alınacaktır.

Abstract

It is known that Berbers suffered from central government after the conquests of the North Africa. Berbers who were initially inclined to abandon Islam preferred to join political-religious groups in time. In the 8th century, Khārijism was influential in North Africa. In the 10th century, Ismā‘īlī Shī‘ism, which was another opposition group, was able to spread among the Berbers. It caused to occur that Fātimid destroyed Aghlabi emirate with the support of the tribe of Kutāma and established the state of Ifrīqiya. Both Khārijites and Sunnis showed that they would not obey this new authority. The Fātimid barely managed to suppress these revolts. However, the shifting of the capital from Ifrīqiya to Egypt began to weaken the Fātimid domination in North Africa after a while. The Fātimids who prevented the attempts of being independent of the Zīrī dynasty, which ruled North Africa under their dominance for a long time with different political maneuvers, became incapable of controlling the Zīrīds by the middle of the 11th century. Muiz b. Bâdis, a member of Zīrī dynasty, with the support of Sunnī scholars, carried the policy of being independent from the Fātimids in the religious field and he supported the Sunnis against the Shī‘ites. In this study, the influence of Māliki scholars on the people and emir and the effect of this influence on Shī‘ite-Sunnī struggle during Muiz, emirate of Zīrī, period (406-454 / 1016-1062) have been dealt with in terms of political and social reflections.Summary It is known that Berbers suffered from central government after the conquests of the North Africa. Berbers who were initially inclined to abandon Islam preferred to join political-religious groups in time. In the 8th century, Khārijism was influential in North Africa. In the 10th century, Ismā‘īlī Shī‘ism, which was another opposition group, was able to spread among the Berbers. It caused to occur that Fātimid destroyed Aghlabid emirate with the support of the tribe of Kutāma and established the state of Ifrīqiya. Both Khārijites and Sunnis showed that they would not obey this new authority. During the early years of the Fātimids, there were many large and small revolts. The most effective one among these was the rebellion initiated by Abū Yazīd al-Nukkārī. During the establishment of Fātimid, it was in danger of collapse due to this rebellion. The greatest supporters of Fātimids who repelled Abū Yazīd and his men with a last effort and ensured dominance in the region were Sanhajids whose leader was Zīrī b. Manad. Therefore, Fātimids found a second supporter on the territory of North Africa where they were foreigners. Following the Kutāmids, the Sanhajids made every effort to spread Fātimids authority to the region. During moving the capital from Ifrīqiya to Egypt, a large population of Kutāmids came to Egypt as a soldier. Sanhajids left behind as a powerful element. Muiz (341-365 | 953-975), the Caliph of Fātimids, secured the sovereignty of the state in the territory of North Africa by appointing Buluggīn b. Zīrī (361-373 | 972-984) as the governer of Maghreb. Zīrī sovereignty, which started with Buluggīn who no one doubted his loyalty to the state began to break from dynasty of Fātimid because it gained its strength in time. The influence of Fātimids in North Africa decreased. Fātimids who prevented the attempts of independence of the Zīrī dynasty, which ruled North Africa on the behalf of them through different political maneuvers, could no longer control the Zīrīs by the middle of the 11th century. As for Zīrī, they were uncomfortable with the Fātimids' political discourse against them. Muiz b. Bâdis (406-454 | 1016-1062) who ascended the throne when he was eight years old grew up under the supervision of Sunnī scholars and tended to Sunnism. However, he was afraid of the Fātimids which he was attached to. At first, the relations between the two thrones followed a good course, but after the 1030s, divergence between them came to light. Although the attacks on the Shī‘ite- Ismā‘īlīan people who were the citizen of the Zīrī, the publication of fatwas against them by Sunnī scholars and the attitudes containing insults towards Fātimid symbols increased the anger of Fātimids, the Caliphs of Egyptian struggling with their own internal crises did not want to break their connections. Sometimes they just gave the title of honor to the Emir of Zīrī and sent letters with compliments. They also made political sanctions against the Zīrī, along with letters that included threats. They tried to ensure that the administration of Tripoli, which was regarded as a buffer zone between Egypt and Zīrīs, was in the hands of anti-Zīrī elements. The Zīrī, who skillfully eliminated the evil influences of the Fātimid political maneuvers, believed that it was time to make a big move, and with the support of the Sunnī scholars, they carried the politics into the religious field to become independent from the Fātimids and they openly supported the Sunnis against the Shī‘ites. Shī‘ites and anti-Shī‘ite movements and campaigns appeared everywhere. People left the Friday prayers due to symbols of Fātimids. The Sunnī scholars gave fatwa that it was not permissible to marry the Shī‘ites. The hostility for Fātimids was made publicly. Eventually, large crowds attacked and began to slaughter the Shī‘ite neighborhoods. In 1043, Muiz b. Badis sent an envoy to Baghdad and announced that he would recognize the Abbasid Caliph. His attempt remained inconclusive. However he insisted on putting his intention into action. He removed the name of the caliph of Fātimid, Müstansır–Billah (427-487 | 1036-1094) from khutbah. He also prayed for Four Caliphs and the Ten Mubashshara by recognizing the caliphate of Abbasid. He removed the Fātimid coins from circulation and issued new coins in 1049. He ordered the Fātimids to take off their green clothes and wear the black robes of the Abbasids. He declared the Mālikism as the official sect of the emirate a

Anahtar kelimeler: Fâtımîler, Zîrîler, Şiî-Sünnî Mücadelesi, Kuzey Afrika, 11. Yüzyıl