TUVA TÜRKÇESİ VE TÜRKİYE TÜRKÇESİNDE İSİMLERDE (ADLARDA) KARŞILAŞTIRMALI GRAMATİK CİNSİYET KATEGORİSİNE BİR BAKIŞ

A GLANCE AT COMPARATIVE GRAMMATICAL GENDER CATEGORIES OF NAMES IN TUVA AND TURKEY TURKISH

Özet

Bilindiği gibi Hint-Avrupa dillerinde ve Sami dillerinde gramatikal cinsiyet çok eski zamanlardan beri varlığını sürdürmektedir. Ancak Türk, Moğol, Fin-Ugor, Tunguz-Mançu gibi bazı dillerde gramatik cinsiyet kategorisi bulunmamaktadır. Tuva ve Türkiye Türkçelerinde cinsiyet erkek ve kadın cinsiyetlerin kişi ve hayvan adları ile belirtilmektedir. Şahısların ve hayvanların belirli kısmı için cinsiyet/ cins ayrımı iki kategoride yapılmaktadır. * Sözlüksel Yöntem: TT. Baba/ Tuv. Aça, TT.Anne/ Tuv. Ava, TT. İnek/ Tuv. İnek, TT. Öküz/ Tuv. Buga * Söz Dizim Yöntemi: Tuv. Börü / TT. kurt, Tuv. Kıs Börü/ TT. Dişi Kurt Tuva Türkçesinde erkek isimlerinin bir parçası olarak ool sözcüğü kullanılmaktadır. Tuv. Kara ool 'Kara Çocuk, Esmer', Aldın ool 'Altın Çocuk'. Bununla beraber Moğol dillerinden alınan ve erkek isimlerinden kadın isimleri yapan ekler de mevcuttur. Tuv. Ajıkmaa, Aylanmaa, Sevilbaa, Tanapaa. Özellikle son yüzyılda Rusçanın da Tuva Türkçesinde etkilerini görmekteyiz. Özellikle Tuva Türkçesi üzerinde erkek isimlerinin sonuna Rusça dişilik eki olan -a eki getirilerek kadın isimleri oluşturulmaya başlanmıştır. Tuv. Çayan- Çayana, Sayan-Sayana, UranUrana vb. Gerek Türkiye Türkçesinde ve gerekse de Tuva Türkçesinde isimler cinsiyet kategorisi olarak incelendiğinde her iki lehçedeki farklılıkların alıntı unsurlar olduğu daha net ortaya çıkacaktır.

Abstract

The existence of grammatical gender in Indo-European and Semitic languages is known to be very old. However, this feature is not found in any of the Turkic, Mongolic, Finno-Ugric, or Tungusic-Manchu languages. In Tuva and Turkey Turkish gender is specified with names of people and animals of fe/male gender. Distinction of gender/kind is made in two categories for certain parts of people and animals. * Lexical Method: T.T. Baba, anne, İnek, Öküz / Tuv. Aça, Ava, İnek, Buga * Syntax Method: Tuv. Börü, Kıs börü, / T.T. kurt, Dişi Kurt In Tuva Turkish, as a part of boys’ names ool word is used. Tuv. kara ool ‘Kara Çocuk, Esmer’, Aldın ool ‘altın Çocuk’. There are also suffixes taken from Mongolian making female names from male names at the same time. Tuv. Ajıkmaa, Aylanmaa, Sevilbaa, Tanapaa Especially in the last century we have seen Russian effects in Tuva Turkish. Male names in Tuva Turkish are converted into female names with femininity suffix –a from Russia. Tuv. Çayan- Çayana, SayanSayana, Uran-Urana etc. When the names in both Turkey and Tuva Turkish are analyzed into gender category, differences in both two dialects are occured clearer as quote elements The term “gender” linguistically-speaking is defined as “the carried feature of ‘masculinity’, ‘femininity’ or ‘neutrality’ in the word systems of certain languages” (Korkmaz, 2007: 54). Grammatical gender is one aspect of a number of languages spoken around the world. The words of these languages are categorized as being either ‘masculine’, ‘feminine’ or ‘neuter’. With this in mind and from a grammatical standpoint, the category of grammatical gender is not found in Anatolian Turkish or other Ural-Altaic languages. Masculinity and femininity are instead conceptually expressed using separate words. For example, in Turkish, the noun “at” (horse) can also be expressed in terms of gender as “kısrak” (female horse) or “aygır” (male house). The Tuvan language, a Turkic language that is not mutually intelligible with Turkish due to considerable geographical distance, has been influenced by Mongolian over time. Over the past century, it has also felt the thorough influence of Russian. Turkish, on the other hand, is known to have been influenced by Arabic and Persian over a great period of time. In this context, we expect intriguing results to appear upon (comparatively) examining these two Turkic languages. 2. Nouns In Terms of Word Class In Turkish And Tuvan Nouns, in the broadest sense, are a means of verbally distinguishing objects. Nouns are divided into two groups, proper and common, in accordance with the said object’s properties. Proper nouns include the personal names and nicknames of people (i.e. Tur*: Ahmet, Mehmet; Tuv**: Ayas, Mergen), the personal names of animals (i.e. for dogs—Tuv: Moynak; Tur: Karabaş), geographical place names (i.e. Tur: İstanbul; Tuv: Şagaan-Arıg), and the names of cosmic objects (i.e. Tuv: Şolban; Tur: Venüs). Examples of common nouns include nouns such as those referring to people (Tur: ‘abi’, ‘ağabeyi’; Tuv: akı; Eng***: ‘older brother’), animals (Tur: ‘at’; Tuv: ‘at/аът’; Eng: ‘horse’), flora (Tur: ‘ağaç’, Tuv: ‘ıyaş’, Eng: ‘tree’), stones and minerals (Tr: ‘demir’, Tuv: ‘demir’, Eng: ‘iron’), and everyday objects (Tur: ‘ev’, Tuv: ‘bajn’, Eng: ‘house’), etcetera. Parallel to other Turkic languages, no difference between animate and inanimate objects is exhibited in either Tuvan or Turkish. The only distinguishing feature that appears is between objects that are human and that are non-human. The question word ‘who’ or ‘kim’ (Tur) / ‘kım’ (Tuv) is used for human beings. The question word ‘what’ or ‘ne’ (Tur) / ‘çuu’ (Tuv) is used for non-human life forms (Rassadin, 1978: s. 16-17). 3. Nouns With Grammatical Gender Two separate means of distinguishing gender are used for people and certain animals: *Lexically: Here, a person or animal is lexically distinguished as belonging to one gender or the other (Kononov: 1956: 64). Examples: Tur: ‘baba’, Tuv: ‘aça’, Eng: ‘father’; Tur: ‘anne’, Tuv: ‘ava’, ‘mother’; Tur: ‘öküz’, Tuv: ‘buga’, Eng: ‘bull’; Tur: ‘inek’, Tuv: ‘inek’, Eng: ‘cow’. *Syntactically: Here, words that are formed from nouns with a definite sense of gender as well as from general noun types are used within a syntactic framework (Rassadin, 1978: 17). The most common of these include: Tur: ‘erkek’, Tuv: ‘er’, ‘askır’, Eng: ‘male’; Tur: ‘kadın’, Tuv: ‘hereejen’, Eng: ‘woman’; Tur: ‘kız, dişi’, Tuv: ‘kıs’, Eng: ‘girl’. 4. Semantic-Based Gender Distinction In Nouns/Names for People When using common nouns in the naming of people, for males— nouns that that best suit the biological qualities of the person being named are used, i.e: nouns reflecting intelligence, power, bravery, wild animals, minerals, solid shapes, etc. For females, the names of flowers and plants, animals of prey, and precious stones are (generally) used. (Doğan, 2011: 89-98)However, in Tuvan the suffix ‘ool’ (boy, young man) is often included as part of male names: ‘altın-ool’ (golden boy), ‘kara-ool’ (brown-haired, black/dark boy). As has been later on indicated, the word höö “had been adopted from Mongolian, in its original form hüü is a word carrying the meaning of ‘son, boy’, and had begun to be used in Tuvan, i.e. Şaajan-höö, Kashöö, Bora-höö, etc.” (Çadamba, 1993:99). In female names, the suffix ‘kıs’ (girl, young woman) is often used: ‘Aldın-kıs’ (‘golden girl’). 5. The Influence Of Foreign Languages On The Formation Of Gender Distinction *From the 1960s onwards, a new linguistic shift had appeared among Tuvan speakers. The Russian suffix “-a” used to indicate femininity and to make a word feminine had begun to be applied to names that were distinctly male. Thus, female names were formed out of male names (Çadamba, 1993: 102). Examples: Çayaana (from the word ‘çayaan’, meaning ‘skill, aptitude’); Sayana (from the place name of the ‘Sayan’ Mountains). *Furthermore, suffixes that have been adopted from Mongolian that feminize mal