Oral Candidiasis as a Local Adverse Effect of Inhaled Corticosteroids: What the Dental Practitioner Should Know

Abstract

Inhaled corticosteroids are increasingly recommended at all stages of asthma in all age groups as a first-line treatment for controlling symptoms and minimizing oral corticosteroid dependence in chronic asthma owing to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Despite the fact that they are highly effective, their use can be accompanied by systemic and local adverse effects. Systemic adverse effects are infrequent, but oral candidiasis, the most common oral fungal infection, is a frequently observed local adverse effect of inhaled corticosteroid use. This adverse effect may lead to discomfort and cause reduced patient compliance. In this review, clinical findings of oral candidiasis, potential pathogenity mechanisms following such therapy along with the specific prophylactic measures that should be undertaken to minimize this adverse effect are discussed extensively. Understanding the factors leading to increased risk can give the opportunity of focusing on the patients who need timely intervention.