Uçhisar 'Tepe yerleşmesi' konut morfolojisinde psiko-sosyal alan etkisi ve dizimsel analizi

The syntactic analysis of the territorial effect on housing morphology in Uchisar settlement

Özet

Psiko-sosyal alan olgusunun Anadolu tepe kentlerindeki konut örüntüleri ile ilişkisini sorgularken aslında; tanımlı bir coğrafyanın etkileri altında, insan davranışının mekansal dizime yansımalarını sorgulamaktayız. Yerleşmenin bu anlamda kurucu dinamikleri, etkilerini konut örüntülerine taşımaktadır. Coğrafya ve insan davranışından kaynaklanan hiyerarşinin mekandaki izlerini ortaya koymak amaçlandığında, özellikle kamusal alan ve özel alan arasındaki sınır ve eşik kurgularını ortaya koymak gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Anadolu’daki “tepe kent” morfolojilerini kurucu etkilerin, psiko-sosyal alan olgusu bağlamında konut örüntülerini yönlendirdiğini Uçhisar örneğinde ortaya koymaktır. Tepe kent konutlarının psiko-sosyal alan analizi için kullanılacak belirleyiciler, sınır-eşik ve ortak eylem düğüm noktaları çerçevesinde kaleye bağlı farklı konumlardaki konutlarda karşılaştırmalı olarak araştırılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırmalı çalışma, psiko-sosyal alanın yapısındaki hiyerarşi ve buna bağlı farklı eşiklerin analizi için ve bu çerçevede var olan farklı örüntü dinamiklerini ortaya koymada önemli bir araçtır. Kale ve vadi arasındaki topografyadaki değişim ve buna bağlı parselasyon farklılıkları, tepeye yaklaştıkça parselasyonların büyümesi, eğimli yamaçlarda daralması ve topografyadaki bu farklılıkların yerleşmenin savunma olgusuna ve konutların psiko-sosyal alan görünümlerine etkileri mekan konfigürasyonları üzerinden karşılaştırmalı olarak okunabilmektedir. Öyle ki; Sokak üzerinde sürekli doku oluşturan yamaca yaslı dam konutları, kütlesel davranış sergileyerek kentin savunma davranışına ait ipuçları sergilemektedir. Avlu etrafında parçalı düzenleri ile tepe konutları, çıkmaz sokaklar üzerinde yerleşmiş ve avlu duvarları ile çevrelenmişlerdir.

Abstract

The effect of territoriality on housing pattern in citadel settlement is a reflection of human behavior to the syntactic morphology in a defined geography. In this sense, the establishing dynamics of the settlement sustain their effects to the housing pattern. If we aim to explore the territorial behavior and its effects on spatial morphology, then we should study the boundary and threshold regulations between public and private space. The theoretical framework based on geographical, spatial behavior and spatial syntax theories. Under the headline of geography based theories, spaceplace making idea has been argued beside the spatial and phenomenological aspect of the relationship between topography and physical environment. The spatial behavior and space syntax theories define the relations between human and space beside the relations between the pieces of that space. We are searching for the answers to the questions like; how culture and ecology direct the settlement-housing pattern and by this way how a common language occurs? This theoretical argument shows that; in order to understand how the morphological dynamics guide the housing pattern, we should explore the syntactic aspects, which are the reflections of the contextual affects through the behavioral organizations of the group. In order to understand the settlement morphology of Anatolian citadels we should recognize that we are facing with a dynamic and multi stratified structure with the geographical, socio-cultural, political and economic establishing effects and the aspects of these effects in historical evolution. The geographical, topographical, political, socio-economic, military, cultural and, commercial effects not only give shape to the settlement but also orient the housing pattern. The establishing effects and their evolution process manifest the concepts which help making the analysis of the territorial behavior of the housing pattern. This pattern is a part of the defensible structure of the city itself. The conceptual framework has been detailed within the aspect of boundarythreshold and node morphological parameters. The hypothesis studied in the case of Uchisar, Cappadocia. In this case study, the differentiations among the spatial configurations of the housing pattern through the fact of territorial behavior have been explored. The case study is formed within the parameters which constitute the hypothesis. These boundary-threshold and node as morphological characteristics comparatively examined between the different locations; the fortress and the valley of the settlement. This comparative study is an important tool to explore the territorial space with its boundary and thresholds regulation dynamics. The topographical changes from the fortress to the valley cause circumstantial subdivisions. This pattern shows that the parcels get larger in higher altitudes and get wider in valley. The effects of these differences to the defensible structure of the city and the territorial behavior of the houses can be read over spatial configurations comparatively. To be able to explore the hypothesis which is based on this research the plans were transformed to syntactic data with the help of the program named “Spatialist” licensed by “Georgia Institute of Technology”. The results of case study show that; the traces of the defensible structure in Anatolian citadels can be read over the housing pattern in Uchisar, Cappadocia. There are differentiations among the fortress and valley houses in the whole settlement. The continuous pattern of the valley houses faces the street and they have shallow configurations. On the contrary, the houses on the top of the hill are courtyard houses on cul-de-sacs and show dispersed and well protected structure with high courtyard walls. These types of houses have deep configurations. These two different configurations support the hypothesis via the analysis of boundary-threshold and node morphologies in different locations through the idea of the territoriality. As a conclusion, although the founder effects of the Anatolian citadels have been exposed to several changes via different social dynamics, it is hard to talk about one constant model. The differences in social structure by time affect the social organizations and change the inner dynamics and balance of the city. But, the dynamics of the city sustain their establishing effects in citadels though some evolutions take place. Meanwhile, it is possible to read these dynamics from the housing morphology of the settlement. It is obvious after this study that the defensible parameters of citadel cities guide the housing pattern within the concept of territoriality.