Kent siluetlerine ilişkin tasarım niteliklerinin, entropi yaklaşımı ile değerlendirilmesi

Evaluating of city skylines from their design quality standpoint by the entropy approach

Özet

Kent siluetleri, kentsel çevrenin, akılda kalıcı görsel etkisinin yaratılması için referanslar sunmaktadır. Kentlerin, doğal ya da planlanmış biçimlerini oluşturan tasarım nitelikleri bulunmaktadır. Çeşitlilik, belirginlik, uyum, anlam gibi kavramlar tasarım niteliklerini oluşturmaktadır. Bu tasarım nitelikleri, görsel çevrede analiz edilebilen estetik değerlendirme ölçütlerinin toplam etkileri ile incelenmektedir. Araştırmanın amacı, tarihi kentlerin kimlik özelliklerini yansıtan siluetleri arasında, çeşitliliğe bağlı tasarım değer ilişkisini sorgulamaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda dengeli çeşitlilik ilişkisini tanımlayan özelliklerin, ölçülebilir hale getirilmesi gerekmektedir. Çeşitlilik ilişkisini tanımlayan estetik değerlendirme ölçütlerinin, sayısal olarak entropi yaklaşımı ile ölçülebileceği bir yöntem geliştirilmiştir. Entropi, ilk olarak termodinamik kanunları içinde, ikinci olarak enformasyon kuramı içinde tanımlanmış olup, kavram bu araştırmada, enformasyon kuramı içindeki anlamıyla, kullanılmaktadır. İkinci tanımında entropi, bir mesajın iletilmesindeki enformasyon miktarının ölçümüdür. Estetik değerlendirme ölçütleri, kent siluetlerinin, görsel kodları olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Böylece, tasarım niteliklerinin, görsel iletişim gücüne bağlı enformasyon değerleri, elde edilmektedir. Tasarım nitelikleri arasındaki ilişkiler, görsel çevrenin çeşitlilik özelliğine bağlı olarak incelenmektedir. Dengeli bir ilişki içinde çeşitlilik etkisi yaratan estetik değerlendirme ölçütleri, kentsel çevrede görsel açıdan zenginlik yaratmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, tarihi kentlerin kimlik özelliklerini yansıtan ve görsel niteliklerinin birbirleri ile karşılaştırılabileceği on siluet üzerinden uygulama yapılmıştır. Entropi yönteminin uygulandığı örneklerde, tasarım ilişkisi açısından sayısal bir yakınlık saptanmıştır. Bu sonuç, kentsel kimliği yansıtan tarihi siluetler arasında, çeşitlilik açısından sayısal olarak ifade edilebilen tasarım değer ilişkisini göstermektedir.

Abstract

Urban skylines present references that enable catchy visual effects of the urban scene to be clearly visible. They also reflect the urban identity in a compositional entirety. The design values constitute both the natural and the planned forms of cities. Design qualities are evaluated by the total impacts exercised by esthetic evaluation criteria that are analyzable in a visual environment. The concepts such as, diversity, clarity, harmony, meaning are composed design qualities. These design qualities are evaluated by the sum of total effects of esthetic evaluation criteria which can be analyzed in the visual environment. The characteristics of design properties that possess universally accepted standards and used in aesthetical evaluation studies for different dimensions and aspects are called esthetic evaluation criteria. For the impact evaluation, methodologies used can be differentiated as objective and subjective and they show diversity among themselves. Day by day, objective methodologies used for studies of design and aesthetics are becoming increasingly important. That is mostly because, they are able to present more precise approaches and innovations to the evaluation of properties based on interpretation. This research contains evaluation of diversity. The aim of the research is being investigated the design-value relation from an objective standpoint among the historic city skylines that represent cities’ identity properties. In accordance with this aim, it is purposed to digitize the design values which defined the balanced diversity relations. Therefore objectivity and measurability of the design properties related to diversity are studied by the entropy approach which is among objective methodologies of design issues. The preliminary description of Entropy is in the law of thermodynamics whereas its second description is found in the information theory and the concept used in this research is related to the information theory. In its second description, entropy is defined as measuring the amount of information. Measuring the entropy is related to the distribution of positional figures of a message or information from the probabilities standpoint. Esthetic evaluation criteria are valuated as the visual codes of the urban skylines. Thus information values for the design qualities that rely upon the power of visual communications are obtained. Relations between design values are analyzed depending on the balanced diversity of the visual environment. The effect of diversity in a balanced relation of esthetic evaluation criteria made visual richness in the urban environment. In this study, historic urban skylines that reflect the identities of different cities that are doubtlessly possessing positive aesthetical values are considered. These samples are, Istanbul (Turkey), Cologne – Bavaria and Dresden (Germany), Mostar (Bosnia Herzegovina), Budapest (Hungary), Cordova (Spain), Liverpool (England), Rome (Italy) and Prague (Czech Republic). Harmony with the nature and shoreline relations is noted as a common feature in the formation of all these examples. Setting out from these similarities, it is thought that relations can also be observed between the design values of the urban skylines. Impressive urban skylines, though they have come to life in different geographies, through cultural build up and historical processes, have become permanent in time change processes because they have had the right design principles and criteria whether attained naturally or through a planning. When it is thought that these lasting visual qualities are gained through universal design properties, it is arrived at the conclusion that a relation can be set up between them. In order to represent this relation in digital figures, the entropy method that is capable of making an impact evaluation between estetic evaluation criteria is opted. By the use of entropy method, contour effect that makes up skyline, mass unit, vertical and horizontal elements, elements of form, elements of color, hierarchical phasing, elements of dominant effect, elements of repetition, elements of continuity and balanced distribution relations in terms of diversity between time layers that were analyzed. In the research study, applications that are made from the historic skylines representing the identities of ten different cities, visual qualities of which are comparable to each other. At the end, the entropy results for the examples are found to be identical to each other. Thus, in applications made by research methodology, a numerical proximity is determined in terms of design relations. This result points to a design value relation between the historic skylines representing the urban identity that can also be expressed in numerical values.