İNSAN KELİMESİNİN KUR'AN'DAKİ KULLANIMLARI BAĞLAMINDA MEALLERE ELEŞTİREL BİR YAKLAŞIM

A CRITICAL APPROACH TO QUR’AN TRANSLATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE USES OF THE WORD “INSAN” IN THE QUR’AN

Özet

Allah imtihan etmek ve teslimiyetini görmek için sorumluluk yüklediği ve buna mukabil yeryüzünün en değerli varlığı kıldığı insana Kur’an’da çeşitli vesilelerle farklı hitap şekilleriyle seslenmiştir. Bu seslenişlerde “insan” kelimesi öne çıkmaktadır. Dilbilimciler “insan” kelimesinin etimolojik kökenini tespit ederken farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Kelimenin aslına dair ortaya koydukları görüşlerin hepsi dikkat çekici bir şekilde insanı tanımlayan niteliklere işaret etmektedir. Bu çerçevede “insan” kelimesinin; “unutan varlık anlamında” ins/ الإنس kökünden, kendisine öğretilen varlık anlamında înâs/ س الإ mastarındanveya “çok hareket etmek” manasındaki nvs/ نوس kökünden türediğisöylenmektedir. Ayrıca “cana yakın olmak, uyum sağlamak” anlamındaki üns/ الأنس mastarından türediği “yaratılış itibariyle sosyal varlık” olaraktanımlamasının da buradan kaynaklandığını ifade eden değerlendirmeler debulunmaktadır. “İnsan” kelimesi herhangi bir kayıtla sınırlandırılmadığı genelkullanımlarında bütün bir insan cinsini kapsamaktadır. Kur’an’da ise pek çokyerde farklı nitelikleri ortaya konularak kullanılmıştır. Dolayısıyla herhangi birayırım yapmaksızın “Kur'an'da geçtiği bütün yerlerde bütün bir insan cinsianlamında kullanılmıştır” demek doğru bir yaklaşım değildir. Bunun böyleolmadığını anlamak için klasikten modern döneme kadar telif edilmiş olantefsirlere kısaca bir göz atmak yeterlidir. Zira görebildiğimiz kadarıyla hiçbirmüfessir, kelimenin geçtiği bütün ayetlere her yerde genel insan cinsi manasıvermemiştir.Bu çalışmada yirmi üç yıllık nüzul sürecinde farklı bağlamlarda inenayetlerde yer alan “insan” kelimesinin sınıflandırılmasında, ayetlerin indiğiortamın tarihi bağlamı başta olmak üzere siyak-sibak ilişkisi, dil kuralları venüzul sebepleri dikkate alınmıştır. Diğer yandan “insan” kelimelerinden ilkkastedilenin kim olduğunu tespit etmenin ayetin mesajını anlamada ne denliönemli olduğu örneklerle ortaya konulmuş ve söz konusu kelimeninanlamlandırılmasına dönük meallerin yaklaşımları analiz edilmiştir.

Abstract

Allah has addressed the people to whom he has given responsibility in order to test and see their obedience and, in return for this, made them the most honorable being on earth, on various occasions and in different styles throughout the Quran. It is seen that the word insân, is used in a significant part of these kinds of addresses. Linguists have put forward different opinions when determining the etymological origin of the word insân. All of the ideas put forward by them remarkably point to the qualities that characterize human being. In this context, it is said that the word insân is derived from ins meaning “forgetful entity” or from inâs meaning “taught entity” or from nvs meaning “to move a lot”. In addition, there are evaluations indicating that it is derived from the infinitive üns meaning, “becoming friendly or adapting” and stating that the definition of human beings as innate social being is based on this derivation. The word insân is used by the Qur'an in sixty-five verses, all but one of which are used in definite (marife) form. While four usages of the word in question, refer to Adam, considered as the very first ancestor of humankind, fourty-there passages refer to infidel/polytheist man; and also while fifteen other passages refer to humankind, the remaining there passages refer to believer man. It is stated that some of the verses that mention the phases of man's existence express that human being is created from mud and is derivates, which seem to point to Adam. It seems that other verses, which express that man is created from water, sperm and a drop of water, mean all humanity, namely Adam’s generation. On the other hand, the exegetes particularly emphasize the above two different categories of meaning in their evaluations of the relevant verses. However, none of the meals analysed in this study, with a few exceptions, reflected this distinction in their translations. For this reason, we consider that it would be more correct to point out “first man” or “Adam” while translating the verses in question within the parentheses or at least to state that real intention is the first man in the footnote. One of the meanings meant by the word insân in the Qur'an is the human being as species. The word in question has been used in fifteen verses in the meaning of human species. The first one of these usages in the Qur'an according to the Mushaf order is, as far as we can determine, the twenty-eighth verse of the fourth chapter (al-Nisâ) and this verse refers to males. In our view, the approach of the meals for the verses other than this verse (al-Nisâ 4:28), in which the word insân is used in the meaning of whole human species, is appropriate. It is true but not complete to translate the word mentioned in verse (al-Nisâ 4:28) saying: "man is weakly created". We think that this shortcoming should be eliminated by adding a statement like “inclination of males to females” in brackets or by making a brief explanation in footnote that they are males who are meant by this sentence. Looking at verses by which a polytheist/infidel man is meant, it is seen that, generally, negative personality traits such as ungratefulness, arrogance, stinginess and constant dissatisfaction, are foregrounded. And, also, it is pointed out that they have serious belief problems about areas such as Tawheed, Nubuvvah and Meâd. The most remarkable of these is the verse al-Ahzâb 33:71. It is seen that meals translate the word insân in this verse as "all people" without any distinction. However, the context of the verse and linguists’ explanations that one of the meanings of hamele is “to betray”, indicate that this translation is not appropriate. On the other hand, the preferred meaning in these meals requires that all believers, especially the prophets, are described as cruel and ignorant. For these reasons, we hold that the relevant part of the verse should to be translated saying "the disbelievers and the hypocrites did not fulfil the trust (their responsibilities) and betrayed. Indeed, they are very cruel and very ignorant”. It is seen that nearly none of the meals are successful in translating of this verse except Mustafa Öztürk’s meal; just as in most of the verses about this subject. One of the passages where the word insân is used in a different way is the verses containing messages to the believers. Three verses, consisting of al-`Ankabut 29:8, Luqman 31:14 and al-Ahqaf 46:15, contain messages on how the believer will behave to their idolatry parents in particular and arrangements for all believers to treat their parents well, in general. These above-cited verses draw the boundaries of obedience to the parents by saying that no one can be obeyed when it is a matter of association for Allah. Considering the context of the verses and the reasons of the revelations (Asbâb al-Nuzûl) as well as the evaluations of the commenters, it becomes clear that they are believers who are meant by these verses and the address is directed towards believers. For if one is a polytheist, his parents will not be expected to ask him to attribute a partner to or deny Allah. For the reasons put forward here, we think that the translation of the relevant verses would be more accurate saying “We have enjoined on (a believer) man kindness to parents (even if they are idolaters)”, or at least it would be more accurate to state this explanation in the footnote. However, when we applied to the meals, we have found that the word insân in these three verses are given a meaning goes "all human species”, and that the context of the verses as well as the reasons for revelation are not taken into consideration. In this study, which is given a broad summary above, while insân words, mentioned in verses sent down in the twenty-three-year period, are classified, particularly the historical conditions of the environment to which the verses were descended, and the context, the language rules and the reasons of revalation were taken into co