Etkileşim, Mübadele ve Dönüşüm: 19. Yüzyıldan Günümüze Ayvalık'taki Dini İmar Etkinlikleri

INTERACTION, EXCHANGE AND CONVERTION: THE RELIGIOUS CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES OF AYVALIK, FROM THE 19TH CENTURY TILL PRESENT

Özet

Çalışmanın konusunu oluşturan, 19. yüzyılda Ayvalıkta inşa edilen toplam on iki kiliseden günümüze gelebilmiş yedi kilise mevcuttur. Söz konusu bu kiliseler Ayos Athanasios Kilisesi (1840), Taksiyarhis Kilisesi (1844), Aya Triada Kilisesi (1846), Kato Panagia Kilisesi (1850), Ayos Yannis Kilisesi (1869), Ayos Yorgos Kilisesi (1880) ve Portaitissa Kilisesi (1899) makalede kısaca incelenerek, Midilli Adasındaki çağdaşlarıyla karşılaştırılacaktır. Bu amaçla, Türkiyedeki arşivler, yayınlar ve ilgili veriler dışında Yunanistandaki arşivler, Yunanca yayınlar ve Midillideki benzer yapılar da incelenerek çeşitli görüş- meler yapılmış ve elde edilen yeni bilgiler ışığında Ayvalıktaki bu kiliseler yeniden değerlendirilmiştir. Öte yandan, 1923 yılında imzalanan Lozan Antlaşmasıyla Türkiyedeki gayrimüslimlerin Yunanistana, Yunanistandaki Müslümanların ise Türkiyeye gönderilmesine, dolayısıyla bir nüfus mübadelesinin gerçekleştirilmesine karar verilmesi, öncelikli olarak yerlerinden edilen söz konusu bu insanların kayıplar vermesine neden olduğu gibi, dini yapıların da hasar görmesine yol açmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen bu mübadele sonucunda Ayvalıkta bulunan toplam on iki kiliseden beşi yok olmuş, geri kalan yedi kiliseden dördü camiye dönüştürülmüş, biri özel mülkiyete verilmiş, biri restore edilmiş ve biri de harap olmuştur.

Abstract

With the expansion of the religious rights of non-Muslim Ottoman citizens by the reforms of 1839 and 1856, several permissions were given to non-Muslim citizens to repair their religious buildings and also to build new religious structures with the allowance of the sultan. The effect of this permission caused to build many new churches in the 19th century. Ayvalık was one of these placements, which had a population that consisted almost only of Greeks. So, especially through the intense trade activities, local or abroad, Ayvalık became richer and more popular for building new churches. These relations via trade, gave Ayvalık the chance to develop their urban architecture, and because of several interactions with Lesbos Island (Mytilene), Ayvalık particularly modeled the church architecture of Lesvos. The 19th century churches of Ayvalık, Ayos Athanasios (1840), Taksiyarhis (1844), Aya Triada (1846), Kato Panagia (1850), Ayos Yannis (1869), Ayos Yorgos (1880) and Portaitissa Church (1899), which are seven that survived till present day, are the main subject of this study. These churches will be briefly examined and also compared to the churches of Lesvos Island. For this purpose, besides the archives, publications and related data in Turkey, the archives in Greece, Greek publications and similar structures in Mytilene were are also examined. Local interviews were made and in the light of new informations the 19th churches of Ayvalık were re-examined. On the other hand, with the Treaty of Lausanne, signed in 1923, non-Muslims who lived in Turkey were forced to leave to Greece, and the Muslims who lived in Greece were forced to leave to Turkey. This implementation caused serious losses mainly for the people, but also several damages for religious buildings. As a result of this population exchange, 7 churches of Ayvalık survived from a total of 12; later 4 from the surviving 7 churches were converted into mosques, one was given to private property, one has been restored and one has been ruined.