الشِّعْر على لسان النَّبيّ ﷺ دراسة في إشكاليّة عدم استقراءِ الروايات ونَقْدِها في تصوُّر الوقائع الحديثيّة

Poetry on the Tongue of the Prophet: A Study of the Problem of Not Gathering all Related Reports and Critiquing them in the Conceptualization of Events in Hadith

Özet

اتفق العلماء على أن النبيّ ﷺ لم ينظم بيتاً من الشِّعر قبل البعثة ولا بعدها، وأنه كان ممنوعاً من ذلك سدّاً لباب اشتباه القرآن الكريم بالشِّعر. وأما إنشادُه والتمثُّل به موزوناً فعلى الرغم من أنه لا مانعَ منه عقلاً ولا شرعاً اختُلِفَ في وقوعه، فنفاه كثير من العلماء، وصرّحوا بأنه كان ﷺ إذا تمثّل ببيتٍ لم يُتمَّه، وإذا أتمّه لم يُقِمْ وزنَه فيجري على لسانه منكسراً. وانتشرت هذه الدَّعْوى بين كثير من اللُّغويِّين والمفسِّرين والمؤرِّخين، وضربوا لها أمثلة واستَشهَدوا لها بأخبار متعدِّدة، حتى صارت عندهم أصلاً مقرَّراً، فإذا صادفَتْهم روايةٌ تدلُّ على إنشاد بيت من الشِّعر موزوناً بحثوا لها عن تأويلات، من غير إثباتٍ لهذا الأصل المدَّعى ولا استشهادٍ على صحّة تلك التأويلات. ونظراً إلى أنّ هذه الدعوى لم تُبنَ على دراسة استقرائية تستوعب الرواياتِ الواردةَ فيها مع نقدها على طريقة الـمُحدِّثين، فقد نشأ عنه إشكالات عديدة في التصوُّر التاريخيّ لهذه الوقائع الحديثية. ولذا اهتمَّتْ هذه الدراسة باستقراء الروايات واستيعابها للوصول إلى تصوُّر تاريخيّ دقيق لهذه المسألة، ثم حاولَتْ بناءً على ذلك تقييمَ أقوال كثير من اللُّغويِّين والمفسِّرين والمؤرِّخين فيها ومقارنةَ تصوُّراتهم التاريخيّة لها بالتصوُّر الذي انتهت إليه، واستَخلَصَت بعد ذلك كلِّه أبرز الإشكالات التي وقعت لهم نتيجةً لعدم استقرائهم الروايات الحديثيّة وعدم نَقْدهم لها نقداً حديثيّاً.

Abstract

The scholars agree that the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) did not compose even one line of poetry before revelation was given to him or thereafter. They also agree that he was prohibited from doing this as a way of closing the door to any ambiguity about the Generous Qur’an, such that no one would confuse it with poetry. Despite there being no rational or scriptural proof for the impossibility of his reciting the poetry composed by others or mentioning verses of poetry composed by others, in its proper meter, the scholars differed about whether these things occurred historically. Many scholars stated that this did not occur and even blatantly said that if he (Allah bless him and give him peace) wished to use a line of poetry as an example he wouldn’t complete the line. And if he did complete a line of poetry as an example, he wouldn’t say it in its proper meter. This claim spread far and wide among many of the linguists, exegetes, and historians. They cited examples of this, and they provided as proof many reports such that this became a core axiom for them. If, however, they came upon a report that indicates that the Prophet recited poetry in meter form, they sought out some type of figurative interpretation. They did all of this without having first grounded their axiom in any type of proof and without providing any evidence for the correctness of the figurative interpretations that they put forward. Due to the fact that this claim was not built upon a full and complete gathering of all of the reports related to it, nor was it based upon a proper critique according to the methodology of hadith scholars, many problems have arisen in the conceptualization of what occurred historically that are referenced in hadith literature. It is for this reason that this study pays attention to gathering all of the reports related to these incidents, so that we can reach a clear and precise historical conceptualization of this question. Beyond this, it seeks to evaluate the positions of many of the linguists, exegetes, and historians based upon the aforementioned findings and comparing their historical conceptualization with the conclusions mentioned above. Finally, it brings forth the major problems said scholars fell into based upon their not having gathered all of the hadith reports and not having analyzed them according to the methodology of hadith scholars.