İNOVASYON VE İNOVASYON GÖSTERGELERİ: AB ÜLKELERİ VE TÜRKİYE KARŞILAŞTIRMASI

Özet

Literatürde inovasyonu ölçen ve ülkelerin inovasyon performanslarını ortaya koyan birçok gösterge bulunmaktadır. Bilgi yoğun sektörlerdeki istihdam, Toplam Faktör Verimliliği (TFV), AR&GE harcamaları, patent başvuru ve tescil sayıları, girişimci, araştırmacı ve teknisyen sayıları, ileri teknoloji ihracatı, royalti ve lisans ücretleri, endüstri katma değeri, inovasyon kapasitesi ile Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri (BİT)’nin ihracatı bu göstergelerden bazılarıdır. İnovasyonun en önemli göstergeleri olarak değerlendirilen; AR&GE harcamaları, ileri teknoloji ihracatı ile bilgi ve teknolojideki insan kaynaklarının işgücü içerisindeki payı göstergeleri oldukça önem arzetmektedir. Gelişmiş AB ülkelerinde, GSYH içinde AR&GE paylarının yüksekliği dikkat çekmektedir. AB’ye yeni katılan ülkeler ve Türkiye’de ise bu oranlar, AB-27 ortalamasının altında seyretmektedir. Doğal olarak, gelişmişlik ile AR&GE harcamaları arasında doğrusal bir ilişkiden söz edilebilmektedir. İleri teknoloji ihracatının ihraç edilen mallar içerisindeki payının İngiltere, Fransa, Finlandiya, Almanya ve Danimarka’da yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Bu oranlar bakımından Türkiye ise, Polonya ve Romanya’nın oldukça gerisinde kalmaktadır.

Abstract

Measure the innovation performance of countries demonstrating innovation in the literature, and there are many indications. Employment in knowledge-intensive sectors, Total Factor Productivity (TFP), Research and Development (R&D) spending, the number of patent applications and registered, entrepreneurs, researchers and technicians, the number of high-tech exports, royalties and license fees, industrial added value, innovation capacity and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)'s exports are some of these indicators. Considered to be the most important indicators of innovation, R&D expenditures, advanced technology, information and technology, human resources, labor's share in exports of indicators is of great importance. R&D shares’ height in the The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at the developed European Countries (EU) is drawn attention. In the new EU accession countries and Turkey, these rates remained below the EU-27 average. Naturally, there is a linear relationship between development and R&D expenditure can be mentioned. The share of exports of high-tech goods that are exported to the United Kingdom, France, Finland, Germany and Denmark are higher. In terms of these ratios, Turkey remains far quite behind Poland and Romania. Innovation of new ideas, products, processes or the implementation of other aspects of the company can be defined as a creative high value added activities. Economists often focus on product and process innovation. Our product range and improve the quality of product innovation, the act of bringing a new product on the market. For example, Apple iPod, a portable device to listen to music once upon a time in comparison with the Sony Walkman product. Process innovation is to provide a new product or process or development management. Companies can move to higher levels of existing institutional dimension and show sensitivity to switch to innovation, by increasing the efficiency of the competitiveness of the national and international arena stage has to store a serious stages. As a result of R&D activities, new products and new markets emerge from the production methods depends on the flow of information. As a result of this knowledge generation, increasing the competitiveness of companies and provide a basis for development. In today's world, information and communication technologies, the emergence of something new can be followed by everyone fast and timely manner. Information produced by a company and brand with these technologies, national and international scale to be learned quickly, and begins to spread and may provide a significant contribution to the provision of the company's development in the area. The international system after the end of the Second World War from the beginning of the crisis, the introduction of long-term growth conjuncture of the 1970s, a central role in decision-making processes of nation-state economies are based on the location of the national capital, multinational companies began to dominate the decision-making processes of international economic order based on markets conjuncture that started to leave, the national capital and the nation-state with the loss of the relative importance of the national market is not going to be worn and thesis refers to itself with the ideological discourse of globalization. Since the 1980s, the process of globalization, regional markets, and strengthens their ties with each other to ensure compliance with the international system has experienced an acceleration recorded significant improvements. In this process, all major industrialized countries to implement economic policies in order to liberalize their financial markets in many developing countries followed by the industrialized countries. International trade liberalization in the areas of investment and finance, capitalism, given new impetus to work on a global scale institutionalization. Tax, investment, trade, finance and the economy of the state-based policies, such as social security, states, create employment and improve their social welfare due to the global economic actors in terms of their need for foreign capital began to take shape in line with expectations. With the process of globalization and the political developments in the rapidly growing international competition and globalization have led to rethinking the role of the state, the state in each country entered a period of re-structuring and interaction in the international arena to compete with other countries to come to the level of management reform forced to in countries. Innovation that contributes to economic growth by increasing productivity and competitiveness throughout the world is considered to be an important factor in shaping economic activities. Lies in the development of innovative ideas behind many of today make life easier for people. If the owners of these ideas to support innovative activities, productive research institutions, with the knowledge and technology centers, more and more engaged in R&D investment, the countries of specialization has been an effective innovation system. These countries (Japan, Germany, South Korea and the U.S.) the socio-economic development by investing in innovation have made considerable distances. There are two different innovation sizes that innovation, technological and organizational (organizational). Inter-organizational level networking (networking) and collaboration, today, has become more important than in the past in terms of competitiveness. In addition, the company in-house (intrafirm) organizational innovations aimed at enhancing the competitiveness of technological change play a vital role in providing benefits. Taken in terms of the level of technology, especially technology-based innovation (technology-based) development and dissemination of new technologies for small firms (diffusion) is started to play a more important role. Cross-border activities concepts of such as multinational enterprises, inte