İLK TÜRK BEYLİKLERİNİN FETİHLERİ, SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL ESERLERİ İLE ANADOLU’NUN TÜRKLEŞMESİNDEKİ RÖLÜ

THE FIRST TURKISH PRINCIPALS FETISH, ROLE IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL WORKS AND ANATOLIAN TURKEY

Özet

Anadolu'nun Türkleşmesinde ve Büyük Selçuklu Devleti'nin kuruluşunda büyük rolleri olan İlk Türk beylikleri 1071 Malazgirt Savaşı'nın hemen akabinde Sultan Alp Arslan tarafından Anadolu'nun fethiyle görevlendirilen komutanlar tarafından kurulmuştur. Bu beylikler Anadolu'nun Türkleşmesinde, Türk İslam Kültür ve Medeniyetinin yaygınlaşmasında çok büyük etkileri olmuştur. Bu beylikler genellikle kurucuların isimleriyle adlandırılmaktadır. XI. asrın son çeyreğinde tarih sahnesine çıkmışlar, yaklaşık olarak iki asır boyunca bölgenin kaderinin belirlenmesinde etkili olmuşlardır. Bu zaman dilimi içerinde her beylik hâkim oldukları coğrafyada günümüz Türkiye'sinin yaratılmasında da katkıda bulunarak büyük bir değişimi başlatmışlardır. Bölgede kurulan ilk Türk beylikleri doğuşlarını Selçuklulara borçlu olmakla beraber varlık sebepleri ve dayandıkları etnik unsur şüphesiz Oğuz Türkleri olmuştur. Anadolu'da kurulan ilk Türk beyliklerin Anadolu'ya Türk mührünün güçlü bir şekilde abideleriyle, âlimleri ve eserleriyle vurulmaya başlandığı dönemin kapısını açmışlardır. Bu Türk beylikleri döneminde bilhassa âlimler ve düşünce adamlarına büyük önem verilerek himaye edilmiştir. Bu âlimler döneme damgalarını vurarak diğer beyliklerin düşünce yapılarına etki etmişlerdir. Bu dönemde inşa edilen mimari eserlerde uygulamış oldukları tarz Türklerin sanat zevkini yansıtmış ve sonraki dönemlere model olmuştur. Mimari ustaların yetiştirdikleri öğrencileri bu mimari üslubu gittikleri bölgelere taşımışlardır. Anadolu'da kurulan ilk Türk beylikleri bir taraftan yaptırmış oldukları imar faaliyetleriyle bir taraftan da bilim ve kültüre vermiş oldukları önemle bugünkü Türkiye'nin şekillenmesinde katkı sağlamışlardır

Abstract

The first Turkish principals were established by the commanders assigned by the conquest of Anatolia following the Battle of Malazgirt. These principals are very influential in the spread of Turkish Islamic Culture and Civilization in the Turkification of Anatolia is generally known by the names of the founders. XI. In the last quarter of the century they became the stage of history, and for almost two centuries they were effective in determing the fate of the region. These long periods of time, which can not be counted as long, have begun a major change in the geography where each rule is dominant, contributing to the creation of today’s Turkey. With the birth of the Turkish principals owing to the Seljuks, the reasons for their existence and the ethnic base they depend on are undoubtedly the Oghuz Turks. The Turkish principals established in Anatoliaopened the door to the period when the Turkish seal was strongly hiy by Anatolia with their friends, scholars and their works. During this period of Turkish rule, especially scholars and thinkers were given great impotance and patronized. These scholars hit stamps of revolution and influenced the minds of other principals. The architectural works built during this period reflected the taste of the art of the Turks they had applied and became a model for later periods. The students who were educated by architectural masters carried this architectural style to the regions where they were going. The first Turkish principals established in Anatolia have contributed to the formation of today’s Turkey with the importance they have given to science and culture on the one hand by the zoning activities that they had built from one side The great Seljuk State carried out the beginning of the invasion and conquest movements of Anatolia and the completion of these conquests between 1015 and 1243. During this period, the Seljuks fought against the Byzantine state with great enthusiasm and determination to make Anatolia a homeland. This struggle continued with great determination until the Anatolian became a Turkish citizen. Turkmen who came to Anatolia brought the elements of culture and civilization of the regions they had lived before. The Seljuk’s settled the large Turkmen masses from Turkistan and Horasan in various regions. Setting the Turkmens was often a big problem for the Seljuk Sultans. In 1040, the Seljuk State won the Dandanakan war between the Gaznelians and the Seljuks, and they established and independent state in Khorasas. These conquests carried out under the leadership of Tugrul and Cagri Seignior are very important both in terms of world history and Middle East History. Tugrul Seignior sent the Seljuk princes, orders and Turkmen Seignior for the conquest of the western countries. The Turkmen bearers who successfully completed the conquest of these regions took part in the Battle of Malazgirt. In the sources, experienced orders such as Afsin, Savtekin, Sunduk, Demlecoglu Mehmet, Duduoglu, Aytekin, and Tarankoglu were constantly present beside Alparslan in the Battle of Malazgirt. Beside these, Suleyman, Mansur, Devlet, Alpilek, Artuk, Danismend, Saltuk, Mengucek, Tutak, Cavli and Porsuk were also among the Kutalmis’s orders from Seljuk’s, who were very experienced and well-versed in the war technique. Later on, after the Alparslan Malazgirt Victory, these commanders gave dominion over the regions named by their names, subject to being to Seljuks. From now on, these orders opened the gate of Anatolia to the time when the Turkish invasion began to be strongly hit by his friends, scholars and artifacts. Especially during the first Turkish seigniory established in Anatolia, scholars and thought men were given great importance and patronized. Scholars such as Abu Tahir, Mayyafarikin, Seyh Mubarek Ibnu-lEzrak, Zahid, Kadi Bahauddin, Cemaluddevle and Bahaudevle B. Nisan, who owns a million copies of the book, have stamped their seal marks. At the same time, they influenced the thought structures of other principals. The architectural works built during this period reflected the taste of the art of the Turks they had applied and became a model for later periods. We also see that the students who are educated by architects later spread to the surrounding regions and carried this architectural style to the regions that are going. Today we see that the folkloric and ethnological richness, which reflects the nomadic spirit carried to the region by the bards and poets of the Caspian and the Turkish, continues to be influenced even today. The first Turkish baths in Anatolia are primarily the four baths in Mardin, which were built during the first Turkish rule. The best medical book of the day, XII at the beginning of the 20th century, books on sports and virtues in Anatolia were prepared. The first Turkish established in Anatolia were found to have successful struggles in the regions where they ruled either with the Byzantine or the Crusaders, especially with Seljuks and other Turkish principals. Turkey as a result of this principality activity towards setting up the unity of the Turkish Anatolian Seljuk Sultan thing of the past. However, the length and tribes attached to the first principality are scattered in various regions of Anatolia. In fact, a significant part of them were sent to Rumeli and placed in the structure of today’s states. First Turkish work, it is a work of medical science called “Tuhfe-iMübarizi” which was taken by Judge Bereket in the province of Danismend in Amasya in the beginning of the 13th century. Caka Seignior took over the coastal cities like Urla and Foca by bringing them to a navy consisting of over 40 closed ships and conquered Midilli, Sakiz, Sisam, Kos, Rhodes and other islands. He is a good organizer and sailor, has brought the first Turkish navy to the Aegean coast. In addition to providing the first Turkish settlement to Izmir and its vicinity, it also provided the ground for conquest of the region by Turkmen sei