BULGARİSTAN LOM ŞEHRİNDE BİLİNMEYEN BİR OSMANLI ESERİ: İSMAİL AĞA ÇEŞMESİ – KUYULU ÇEŞME

AN UNKNOWN OTTOMAN MONUMENT IN LOM IN BULGARIA: ISMAIL AĞA FOUNTAIN – KUYULU FOUNTAIN

Özet

Makalenin konusunu oluşturan İsmail Ağa Çeşmesi veya diğer adıyla Kuyulu Çeşme, Bulgaristan'ın Lom şehrinde yer almaktadır. Traklar döneminde kurulan şehir, daha sonra Bizans'ın hakimiyetine girmiştir. Lom 14. yüzyılın sonlarında Osmanlı topraklarına katılmış ve Tuna Vilayeti'ne bağlanmıştır. Tuna Nehri kıyısında bulunması ve elverişli konumu itibariyle Vidin'le birlikte uzun yıllar Osmanlı donanmasının iskelesi vazifesini üstelenmiştir. Osmanlı topraklarına katılmasıyla birlikte şehirde îmar ve inşâ faaliyetlerine başlanmış, bu sırada pek çok cami, tekke ve medrese yapılmıştır. 1878 Berlin Antlaşması'yla Bulgaristan'ın elimizden çıkmasından sonra, bölgede sistematik olarak Osmanlı eserlerinin yıkımına başlanmıştır. Lom şehri de bu yıkımlardan nasibini almıştır. 1885 senesinde hazırlanan şehir tanzim planı ile mevcut olan eserler yok edilmiştir. Günümüzde Lom şehrinde yazımıza konu olan çeşmeden başka Osmanlı eseri bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada İsmail Ağa Çeşmesi detaylı bir şekilde tanıtılmaya çalışılmıştır. Konumu ve planı verilmiş, mimarî çizimleri yapılmıştır. Çeşmenin kitabesinden faydalanılarak tarihi, yaptıranı, ihyâ edeni, ihyâ tarihi ve suyunun getirildiği yer tespit edilmiştir. Günümüzdeki durumu belirtilmiş, ayrıca Bulgaristan ve Anadolu'daki benzer örnekleri gösterilerek çeşmeler içindeki yeri de incelenmiştir

Abstract

İsmail Ağa Fountain or in other words Kuyulu Fountain that forms the subject of article is located in Lom city in Bulgaria. The city, which was founded in the time of the Thracian period, later became dominated by Byzantium. Lom participated to Ottoman lands towards ends of 14th century and bound to Tuna province. Due to its location on the banks of the Tuna River and its convenient location, together with Vidin, Lom has undertaken the port of the Ottoman army for many years. Construction and public improvements had been started by joining to Ottoman rules, at this time many mosque, madrasah and dervish lodge had been built. With the Berlin Treaty of 1878, the Ottoman works in the region were systematically destroyed. Lom city has also been taken from these demolitions. Existing monuments have been destroyed by 1885 dated city regulation plan. Nowadays, in the city of Lom, there is no Ottoman monument other than this fountain. In this study, it is tried to introduce İsmail Ağa Fountain in details. Its location and plan is given and its drawing have been made. Its history, architect, reviving and revive dates are determined by benefiting from inscription of fountain. Its situation in today is indicated and moreover its place among fountains is examined by showing similar examples. In this article it is tried to introduce İsmail Ağa Fountain that resists to time as only art piece from Ottoman in Lom to world In this study, the fountain in the city of Lom, in Bulgaria which is the last Ottoman artefact standing, which no one have any information about, and which no one even knows about its existence, the İsmail Ağa Fountain, which is also known as “Kuyulu Çeşme” is tried to be introduced. Firstly, the short history of the city of Lom and its place in Ottoman History is referred. The Ottoman monuments in the city in 19th and 20th centuries and their later statuses are explicated. With the help of the fountain’s inscription, the people who restored the fountain are determined and they are introduced. Later on, the location of the fountain and technical details, along with the changes in time and the current status of the fountain is explained. The fountain’s alikes in Bulgaria and Anatolia are compared with it and İsmail Ağa fountain’s place among them is explained. The city of Lom is placed where the river of Lom joins the river of Tuna, locating in north of the Bulgaria. Created in Thracian times, Byzantium existence is also known in the city. Entering under Ottoman rule in 14th century, Tuna province as Rusçuk being the center, and including Tırnova, Sofya, Varna, Vidin, Niş and Tulça flags, with other 45 townships and 17 districts, involved the city of Lom. Being a township under the Vidin flag, Lom, locating between Sofia and Vienna, was an important trade center. Along with Vidin, for long times, Lom was Ottoman fleet’s pier. Even today, Lom is Bulgaria’s second important harbor, Rusçuk being the first. Being under Ottoman rule, the zoning and construction activities over the region also affected Lom. According to the yearbook of Tuna Provinence in 1868-1869, Lom had 5 mosques, 2 schools, 1 madrasa, whereas in the 1872-1873 year-book, there is only information about 5 mosques. After 1878 Berlin Treaty, as Bulgaria has lost Ottoman rule over, the region experience regular destruction of Ottoman monuments. While this destruction activities go on under the name of city planning, in the year of 1885, a collocation plan for Lom is also prepared. The current Ottoman monuments are destroyed. In his works in 1969, Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi named the 6 mosques and 1 medresah which should be but is not in the city. The subject fountain, İsmail Ağa Fountain, however cannot be found in any source, and is not even known about. During the investigation trip we had in order to find Ottoman monuments in 2015 to Bulgaria, the fountain we confronted by chance is located near the oil station in the Stambolijski street, outside of the city center. According to the construction inscription, which is written in “Rık’a Calligraphy” and is 3 lines, the fountain is restored in 1883-1884 by Lom Voyvoda İsmail Ağa. In Ottoman Empire, “Voyvoda” is referred to those who are working as a specific state revenue collector. They are also called “Subaşı”. As Subaşı people collect taxes, they were also in charge of allocating the water sources for agriculture and for animal husbandry. As understood from the inscription, the fountain is constructed by Ottoman Empire’s first regular army’s (Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye) first “Serasker” named Ağa Hüseyin Paşa. On the other hand, Voyvoda İsmail Ağa restored the fountain in 1883-1884. The exact date of the construction of the fountain by Ağa Hüseyin Paşa is not known. But it is likely that in 1833 and 1847, when he was in charge in Vidin, he constructed the fountain. Ağa Hüseyin Paşa usually constructed many structures like mosques, redoubts, hospitals, fountains and bridges where he worked, and he has a mosque in inner castle side in Lom, and also a seven-eyed stone bridge on the Lom stream. For the fountains, he brought water from 3-4 hour away distances, and also for the Lom fountain, as it is written on the inscription, the water is brought from the region named “Şarkî Rumeli” which includes the villages Burgaz, Hasköy, Kırcaali, Tatar Pazarcığı, Filibe, İslimye, Eski Zağra and Yanbolu, and collected the water to the well behind the fountain. The fountain is built of uniform cut stone and it has a rectangular body along with triangular upper fronton. It has 185 X 152 X 55 cm. dimension. The upper part of the body has restoration inscription. The down side of the body has two taps. Each two sides of the body have a rectangular shaped recess. One being in the front side, there also are five feeding troughs. Each of them following each other, they have different sizes and they shape an L at west side of the fountain. Just behind the fountain, the well is located. It is made of