AKADEMİK ELEŞTİRİ BAĞLAMINDA MEHMET RAUF’UN EYLÜL ADLI ROMANI

THE NOVEL OF MEHMET RAUF NAMED “EYLÜL” IN THE CONTEXT OF ACADEMIC CRITICISM

Özet

Günümüzde metin incelemesinde Rus Biçimciliği (Biçimcilik), Fransız Biçimciliği (Yapısalcılık) ve Amerikan Biçimciliği (Yeni Eleştiri) gibi yöntemler yerini metin merkezli Akademik Eleştiriye bırakmıştır. Akademik Eleştiri, metin incelemesi için değişmez bir şablon önermez. Eleştiri için gerekecek temel ölçütleri ve ana başlıkları belirler. Bu anlayışa göre incelemede kullanılacak olan konu başlıklarının belirlenmesinde edebî metin biçim ve içeriği esas alınmalıdır. Bu bağlamda Servet-i Fünûn döneminin yazarlarından Mehmet Rauf'un Eylül adlı psikolojik romanında özellikle "bakış açısı ve anlatıcı, kişilerin sunuluş biçimi ve dönüşümleri, kişilere isim verilmesi, merkezi kişilerin yaşadığı temel çatışmalar, anlatının merkezindeki aşk unsurunun kurgulanmasında ayrılıklar ve kavuşmalar, paylaşılan sırlar ve eşyalar, birbirini anlayamama, yanlış anlama ve nihayetinde anlama, kıskançlık ve aldatılma şüphesi, ortak ilgiler ve itiraflardan yararlanma; zamanın kullanımı ve sunuluşu, mekân unsurları; zaman ve mekânın kişilerin ruh hâline etkisi, dil ve üslûp özellikleri, üslûpta mizah;" unsurları üzerinde durulabilir. Romandaki "anlatım yöntem ve teknikleri, kurguda ilgi uyandırma, roman kişilerinin yaşadığı gerilimler, anlatıdaki düğümler ve çözümler, rastlantılar, diyaloglar, tezler, çıkarımlar ve metnin estetik bütünlüğü" konuları da kurgu açısından dikkate değerdir. Bu yazıda Eylül romanı üzerine yazılmış makale ve tezlerde hangi unsurların öne çıkarıldığı hakkında bilgi verildikten sonra metnin incelenmesi ve yorumlanmasında "yazar merkezli, dönem/sosyal çevre merkezli ve okur merkezli eleştirel" yaklaşımlardan da faydalanılacaktır

Abstract

Nowadays in reviewing literal texts methods Russian Formalism (Formalism), French Formalism (Structuralism) and American Formalism (New Criticism) have given their place to the text centered critical method Academic Criticism. Academic Criticism does not suggest an unchangeable template for studying a text. Academic Criticism determines the main criterions and headlines for criticism. This approach admits that every literal text determines its subtitles. In this context we can focus on these topics like “perspective and narrator, presentation and transformations of the persons, the naming of people, the central person’s basic conflicts, separations and reunions that construct this love story, shared secrets and furnishings; couldn’t understanding each other, misunderstanding each other and finally understanding, jealousy and suspicion of being deceived, utilization from common interest and confessions; using and presentation of time; the harmony and the interaction of places, personal moods, times and locations, linguistic-stylistic features, humoral style” in the psychological novel Eylül penned by Mehmet Rauf one of the representatives literal term of Servet-i Fünûn. The topics in the novel Eylül like “methods, techniques of narration, waking up interest in fiction, stresses experienced by the characters of the novel, the deadlocks and solutions in the story, coincidences, dialogues, theses, conclusions in the novel and aesthetic integrity of the text” are also considerable. We will summarize notable spots in the articles and theses written on the novel Eylül afterwards we will utilize the “author-centered, period and social environment-centered, reader-centered methods” in this study for examining and interpreting the novel Text centered Academic Criticism is a method that shows to readers the important components of a literal text. Academic Criticism is a synthesizer studying method beyond the reading effort. In this method, every literary text which is accepted as unique by structural approach is considered as a sentence, and divided into its components. The texts are investigated in the terms of content and shape. The important tittles and subtitles are decided after reading the text. Mehmet Rauf who is known with the first mature novel Eylül in Turkish literary especially focused on inner world of fictive persons in his novel. Some issues about the novel reviewers emphasized are as follows: Platonic love in this novel, psychological analyses, boredom, morbidity, realistic effect in the fictive structure, depictions, music, stylistic features, places, biographical traces, narrator’s view-angle techniques; the influence of novel Un Crime d'amour by Paul Bourget's on Mehmet Rauf; similar features between The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and Eylül by Mehmet Rauf; similar features between Thérèse Raquin by Emile Zola and Eylül; similar features between Die Leiden des jungen Werthers by Goethe's and Eylül; the thoughts of Mehmet Rauf on genre of novel and his conflicts in his novel. Mehmet Rauf uses both the narrator view-angle and fictive person’s view-angle in his novel when he presents and elaborates his characters. The persons in novel sometimes criticize themselves and sometimes criticize each other. This technique eliminates uniformity in expressions and increases persuasiveness and effect of novel on readers. The narrator uses techniques in the novel such as summarizing, staging, dialogues, transferring senses and opinions with inner voices of characters, describing and analyzing events, states and characters. The characters of the novel speak in accordance with their ages, genres, profession, nature and moods. This novel also reflects language of literal term Servet-i Fünûn that it is artistic and partially hosted with foreign words and phrases. The writer also uses successfully humorous style when he needs. The author especially benefits from humorous style for characterizing Fatin Bey who is a beneficiary, nihilist and bridegroom domiciled in his wife’s house. Eylül/September being novel’s name is a word with high associative power and symbol value. The center of novel is a love affair which is without sexuality as much as possible. This novel is not a narrative expression based on case in the usual sense. The turbulences in senses and thoughts of fictive persons are in the center of the novel. In this respect it can be presumed that this novel is a psychological novel. The author Mehmet Rauf also designs the fire event as an escape door in the end of this novel about a forbidden love. The basic stress case in this novel is whether the forbidden love (the owner of glove) will be learnt or not. The other secondary stress cases are a danger of accident on a boat trip and misunderstanding the young lover who is in love with another woman. The following issues are also preferred in the novel by the author: desire for children, worry about bearing child again; having different interests and pleasures like sea, house, piano and hunting; to want to get married and fear of not finding an ideal partner. There are some coincidences in the fiction of novel. The love in this novel is progressive. It is not a love at first sight. But the isolation of individuals from relatives and social environment in the novel is exaggerated. The poverty of novel person Süreyya, Necip’s, unexplained wealth and limited reflections of the social life in that period reduce text’s realistic effect on readers. Despite these the novelist is quite successful in terms of compatibility of time, place and mood of novel persons. The novelist gives a special importance to present characters of novel, their senses and thoughts in accordance with purpose of novel. These are the samples of types in the novel: a man who doesn’t see events around himself, seeing his own desires before everything; a woman wretched and victim of fate; a generation that lives in complexity of values and deprives of values; a genera