HİTİT METİNLERİNDE GEÇEN HURRİ TANRI ÇİFTLERİ:“NABARBI-ŠUṶALA” “URŠUI-IŠKALLI”

HURRIAN GOD PAIRS MENTIONED IN HITTITE TEXTS: “NABARBI- ŠUṶALA”“URŠUI-IŠKALLI”

Özet

MÖ. II.bin yıllarında Anadolu'da büyük bir uygarlık kurmuş olan Hititler Politeist (çok tanrılı) bir inanç sistemine sahiptiler. Hitit resmi dini ve pantheonunda kendilerine özgü Hint-Avrupalı tanrılar; Hatti kökenli tanrılar, Luvi ve Pala tanrıları, Hurri tanrıları, Hurriler aracılığıyla Mezopotamya'dan Sumer ve Babil tanrıları ve de Hurriler'le birlikte bulunan Indo-Ari kökenli etnik zümrenin tanrıları yer almaktadır. Hitit çiviyazılı metinlerden Hurri tanrılarının Hitit resmi pantheonunda çok önemli bir yere sahip oldukları ve buna göre kutsandıkları öğrenilmektedir. Hitit resmi pantheonunda Hurri tanrı çiftlerinin sayısı oldukça fazladır. Tanrı NIN.URTA'nın zevcesi olan Tanrıça Nabarbi'nin adı ilk kez Orta Hitit dönemine tarihlendirilen Hitit çiviyazılı metinlerde geçmektedir. Tanrıça Nabarbi Yazılıkaya Açıkhava Tapınağı'nda 51 numaralı kabartmada tasvir edilmiştir ve ?atti?aza Antlaşması'nda antlaşmaya tanıklık eden tanrılar listelerinde hem Hitit tanrıları hem de Hurri tanrıları arasında yer almıştır. Tanrıça Nabarbi ile bağlantılı olarak çok sık geçen ?u?ala ise Hurri kökenlidir. Metinlerin çoğunda ?u?ala ve Tanrıça Nabarbi birlikte kutsanılmıştır. Ancak birkaç metinde ise bu tanrıçiftinin ayrı ayrı kutsanıldığı da görülmektedir. Hurri kökenli olan Ur?ui ve I?kalli tanrı çifti Hitit kült metinlerinde bazen tanrı determinatifi olmadan geçmektedir. Tanrı çiftinin adı Tanrıça ?epat'ın kaluti-listelerinde çok sık geçmektedir. Bu metinlerde adları Nabarbi ve ?u?ala'dan sonra; ?ala? ve Bitin?i'den ise önce geçmektedir. Aleppo'nun Te?up ve ?epat'ının Kültü listesinde ise bu tanrı grubunun adları Bentikalli'den önce; Ha?untar?i'den sonra geçmektedir. KUB 45.48 (Bo 2951)+ KUB 45.71 (Bo 3882)'de ise adları Adamma ve Kubaba'dan sonra geçmektedir

Abstract

Hittites, who established a great civilization in Anatolia around 2000 BC, had a polytheistic belief system. Unique Indo- European gods within Hittite religion and pantheon; gods of Hattian, Luwian and Palaian gods, Hurrian gods, Sumerian and Babylonian gods from Mesopotamia through Hurrians and gods of the ethnic clan of IndoAryan origin who were found with Hurrians appear among those. It is learnt from Hittite cuneiform texts that Hurrian gods had an important position among pantheon of gods and were sanctified accordingly. There are a large number of Hurrian God-pairs in the Hittite pantheon. Goddess Nabarbi, God Ninurta’s wife, is first mentioned in the Hittite cuneiform texts dated in the Middle Hittite period. KBo 40.123(1577/c)+KBo 23.6(706/b)+KUB 32.33 (719/b)+KBo20.129 (728/b+786/b+788/b+816/b+826/b+1704/c+1723/c+1725/c)+KBo 27.100 (759/b+1799/c)KUB 32.29(818/b)+ KBo 33.47(1439/c)+ABoT 1.39(AnAr 9160)+FHG 20(MAH 16882)+FHG 23(MAH 16885) (CTH 777) (Middle Hittite) obv.I 1-2 plays an important role in itkalzi ritual. In addition to this, it is learnt from the text in question that the water of Goddess Ishtar and Goddess Nabarbi is also very important. Goddess Nabarbi, who has been mentioned KBo 5.2 (Bo 2005) (CTH 471) (Middle Hittite) rev.III 13-16 IŠTAR, Gulšaš ve MAḪ in the Ammiḫatna ritual performed to cure bodily diseases, is followed by Šuṷala, Ea, Ekaldu and Šalaš Bitenḫi, rexpectively. In the cult lists of Tešup and Ḫepat KUB 27.13 (Bo 459) (CTH 698) (New Hittite), Goddess Nabarbi, who has been sanctified by a slight slice of bread, is followed by Šuṷala. Its name is frequently mentioned in kaluti-lists of Ḫepat. In these texts, its name is usually put before God Šuṷala and after Goddess Kulitta. Goddess Nabarbi has been depicted in the relief No. 51 and has appeared among both Hittite and Hurrian Gods in the lists of Gods who witnessed the agreement of Šattiṷaza. Hurrian Goddess Šuṷala is frequently mentioned in connection to Goddess Nabarbi in Hittite cuneiform texts KBo 40.91 (1555 / c) + KBo 34.16 (507/b) + KBo 15.40 (489/c) + KBo 33.207 (1274/c) + KBO 35.136 (1512/c) + KBo 38.265 (1658/c) + KBo 39.163 (2489/c) (Middle Hittite) obv.I of 12'; KUB 32.91 (312/b + 331/b + 331/ + 368/b) + KBO 27.116 (628/b) + KBo 33.84 (375/c) (Middle Hittite) rev?.lk.kol. 8'; KUB 45.74 (Boca 4893) (New Hittite) 14'; KUB 32.93 (397/b) (+) KBo 81.56 (129/m) (New Hittite) obv. 5'; 23:16 KBo (2384/c) (New Hittite) 13'. Šuṷala and Goddess Nabarbi have been sanctified together in most Hittite cuneiform texts. That Šuṷala and Goddess Nabarbi, have been sanctified together suggests that NabarbiŠuṷala are two different names of one single God; however, that they have been sanctified separarely in cult lists of Aleppo’s Tešup and Ḫepat and in Šamuḫa’s Ištar Festival; and that Šuṷala has been sanctified separately in (ḫ)išuṷa Feast suggest that Nabarbi and Šuṷala do not correspond to one single God and demonstrate that Nabarbi and Šuṷala are God-pairs. Uršui and Iškalli God-pairs of Hurrian origin are Hitit Metinlerinde Geçen Hurri Tanrı Çiftleri: “Nabarbi-Šuṷala”“Uršui-Iškalli” 61 Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 10/1 Winter 2015 sometimes mentioned without the god determinative. Uršui’s name has been analyzed as “happen, ocur” and šui- “entire”, and his wife and epithet have been thought to be Iškalli; however, that God Uršui’s name is not commonly used is a sign that the God name Iškalli is Uršui’s epithet. Uršui and Iškalli are mentioned before Nabarbi and Šuṷala and after Šalaš and Bitinḫi in kaluti-lists of Goddess Ḫepat KBo 23.16 (2384/c) (New Hittite) r.kol. 13ʹ-15ʹ; KUB 27.8 (Bo 2760) (New Hittite) obv.? 11ʹ-13ʹ; KUB 20.93 (Bo 1300)+KUB 54.77 (Bo 1711)+KUB 27.4 (Bo 7004)(+?)KUB 54.80 (Bo 1705)(+?)KUB 32.66 (45/b) (New Hittite) ay.VI 2-7; KUB 32.91 (312/b+331/b+331/b+368/b)+KBo 27.116 (628/b)+KBo 33.84 (375/c) (Middle Hittite) ay?.lk.kol. 8ʹ-10ʹ; KBo 14.140 (198/q) (Middle Hittite) obv?.II 4ʹ-8ʹ; KBo 14.141(227/q)+KBo 48.59 (231/q) (New Hittite) obv.II x+1-3ʹ; KUB 45.74 (Bo 4893) (New Hittite) 14ʹ-15ʹʹ; KUB 32.93 (397/b)(+)KBo 8.156 (129/m) (New Hittite) obv.I? 5ʹ-6ʹ; KBo 40.91(1555/c)+KBo 34.16 (507/b )+ KBo 15.40 (489/c)+KBo 33.207 (1274/c)+ KBo 35.136 (1512/c)+ KBo 38.265 (1658/c)+KBo 39.163 (2489/c) (Middle Hittite) obv.II (KBo 34.16+KBo 33.207+KBo 35.136+KBo 15.40) 12ʹ-14ʹ. The names of these God-pairs have been mentioned before Bentikalli and after Ḫašuntarḫi in Aleppo’s cult lists of Tešup and Ḫepat KUB 27.13 (Bo 459) (CTH 698) (New Hittite) obv.I 19-20. In KUB 45.48 (Bo 2951)+ KUB 45.71 (Bo 3882) (Middle Hitite?)III 3ʹ-6, their names have been mentioned after Adamma and Kubaba. When all of these texts examined in detail, it is concluded that Hittite Šuṷaliḭatti is derived from Šuṷala; Uršui and Iškalli are of Hittite origin in Hittite cult texts; God name Iškalli is epithet of Uršui; Goddess Hepat is the name of Uršui and Iškalli in Goddess Hepat’s kaluti-lists and has been mentioned before Nabarbi and Šuṷala and after Šalaš and Bitinḫi; these God-pairs are mentioned before Bentikalli and after Hašuntarḫi in Aleppo’s cult lists of Tešup and Ḫepat; Uršui and Iškalli are mentioned after Adamma and Kubaba in KUB 45.48 (Bo 2951)+ KUB 45.71 (Bo 3882) (Middle Hittite); Gods which we have come across as pairs are presented as one single God in the cults and Nabarbi and Šuṷala are not the names of one single God because Nabarbi and Šuṷala are sanctified separetely in Aleppo’s Cult lists of Tešup (and) and in Šamuḫa’s Ištar’s Festival; and even though Šuṷala is the abbreviation for Šuṷaliḭatti, Hittite Šuṷaliḭatti has been derived from Šuṷala of Hurrian origin.