18. YÜZYILIN İLK YARISINDA OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NİN ŞARK HUDUDUNDAKİ KALELERE GÖNDERDİĞİ DOĞAL VE

NATURAL AND CHEMICAL DRUGS SENT BY THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO CASTLES IN EASTERN BORDER IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY

Özet

Osmanlı Devleti, kendisinden önce kurulmuş İslam, Bizans ve Selçuklu medeniyetlerinden etkilenerek siyasi, idari, sosyal, ekonomi, eğitim ve sağlık alanlarında pek çok kurum meydana getirmiştir. Meydana getirdiği bu kurumlara zaman içerisinde çeşitli yenilikler ekleyerek dönemin en önemli müesseselerini oluşturmuştur. Osmanlı Devleti, Bizans ve Anadolu Beyliklerinin tıp alanındaki bilgi birikimini miras edinmiş ve Orta Asya ile farklı İslam coğrafyalarından gelen hekimler sayesinde tıp alanında ilerlemeler göstermiştir. İmparatorluğun önemli merkezlerinde kurduğu hastaneler ve yetiştirdiği hekimlerle dönemin önemli hastalıklarına karşı mücadele etmiştir. Tıp alanında oldukça önemli eserler oluşturulmuş ve bu eserler dönemine göre sade, anlaşılır, yalın Türkçe ile kaleme alınmıştır. Hangi hastalıklara karşı ne tür bitkisel ve kimyasalilaçların kullanacağı ile kullanım miktarı, uygulanışı ve ilerde olabilecek yan etkilere karşı ayrıntılı bilgiler bulunmaktadır. 18. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Osmanlı Devleti ile Safevi Devleti sürekli bir harp içinde kalmıştır. Bu dönemde İmparatorluğun şark bölgesinde bulunan Tebriz, Revan, Ahıska, Tiflis, Kars, Erzurum ve Diyarbakır Kalelerine yüklü miktarlarda mühimmat malzemeleri gönderilmiştir. Gönderilen bu mühimmat malzemeleri içinde bitkisel ilaçlar, kimyasal ve çeşitli yağlar bulunmaktadır. Makalemiz üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde kalelere nakledilen şifalı bitkiler tespit edilmiş ve bu bitkilerin hangi amaçlarla kullanıldığı, hangi hastalıklara karşı faydalı olduğu ve kalelerde ne miktarda bulunduğu mukayeseli bir şekilde bahsedilmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise kalelerde bulunan kimyasallara değinilmiştir. Kimyasalların hangi hastalıklara karşı kullanıldığına ve miktarı ile ilgili bilgiler verilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde ise zeytin yağı, bezir yağı, susam yağı gibi şifalı yağların kullanımından bahsedilmiştir

Abstract

The Ottoman Empire created many institutions in the political, administrative, social, economic, educational and healthcare fields influenced by the Islamic, Byzantine and Seljuk civilizations. It constituted the most important institutions of its era by adding several innovations over time over the previously founded institutions. The Ottoman Empire also realized the advantages in the medical field offered by the region where it was founded. It received the accumulation of knowledge of Anatolian Beyliks and the Byzantines in the medical field as an heritage and made great advancements thanks to physicians from different Islamic geography and Central Asia in the field of medicine. It struggled against major diseases of that period through hospitals established in major centers of the empire and welltrained physicians. Important works were created in the medical field and these works were written with unsophisticated, comprehensive, simple Turkish over the corresponding periods. There are detailed information on what kind of herbal and chemical drugs against which diseases as well as the amount of use, application and information against future side effects that may be occur in the future. In the first half of the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire had remained in constant warfare. During this period, large quantities of ammunition supplies were sent to Castles of Tebriz, Revan, Ahıska, Tiflis, Kars, Erzurum and Diyarbakır located in the eastern part of the Empire. There are herbal drugs, chemicals and various oils within these sent ammunition supplies. Our article is composed of three chapters. In the first chapter, the medicinal plants which were transported to the castle have been identified and intended use of these herbs, benefits against which diseases and the amounts found in the castles have been mentioned in a comparative manner. The second chapter describes some of the chemicals found in the castle. There are information given about against which diseases were the chemicals used and their quantities. In the third chapter, it has been mentioned the use of medicinal oils such as olive oil, linseed oil and sesame oil. Continuous ammunition shipments have been carried out from İstanbul to Revan, Tabriz, Tbilisi and Ahiska fortresses located at the border of Safavid Empire, and Erzurum, Kars, Sivas and Diyarbakır Fortresses located relatively inside to the previously mentioned fortresses during first half of the 18th century where Ottoman-Safavid Wars were intensified, and medicinal herbs, chemical drugs and various oils have also been included in such shipments. Pharmaceuticals delivered in the first half of the 18th century to the fortresses located at the Eastern borders of the Ottoman Empire have been dispatched from Cebhâne-i Âmire (Main Arsenal) in the capital of Ottoman Empire, İstanbul. Medicines prepared in İstanbul 18. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Osmanlı Devleti’nin Şark Hududundaki Kalelere… 299 Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 10/1 Winter 2015 were carried through the Black Sea with ships to Trabzon harbor, and then conveyed to such fortresses as Erzurum, Kars, Van, Tabriz, Revan, Ahiska and Tbilisi by means of such beasts of burden as horses, camels and mules. In the medical equipment and materials which were delivered, intensity of those materials to be used in such cases with regard to the soldiers as blunt trauma, burns, penetrating stab wounds and inflammations which may happen in the battle fields attract most of the attention as well as those dispatched in order to be used against the contagious diseases some of which are mange, plague, syphilis and pediculosis that soldiers may be subjected to. Existing documents reveal that all herbal, chemical and various oils were made available together in order to be used in such cases as cleaning regions with purulent discharge, stopping the bleeding, kidney ailments, swollen feet, swollen ears that soldiers may be subjected due to long walks, low back pain and gangrene. Anatolian geography formed a base for the raw material of the most of the herbal medicine provided for the Ottoman army. Availability of different climate types in Anatolia paved the way for Anatolia to be rich in herbal diversity, and, in turn, no problems have been experienced in the provision of the herbs required by the army. Redundancy of herbal medicine such as sarcocol, mastic, pimpernel and turpentine are remarkable. These herbs were easily obtained in the Anatolia and made available in many fortresses located at the OttomanIran border. It is understood that chemical medicines some of which are mercury, sulphur, salammoniac, potash alum and copper vitriol were used in order to stop bleeding, prevent inflammation that may be observed in skin, eyes, teeth and internal organs, and treat skin diseases such as plague and leprosy. There were also pharmaceuticals made available for the beasts of burden employed in the transportation of military personnel, and foods and ammunitions required for the military personnel to the destinations. Especially, there were also medicines made available to be used for purulence that may occur in the horse eyes, and swelling and fracture they may occur in the pastern.