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AI InsightThe groups significantly differed by operation time (p
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Abstract
Aim: Fennell et al. describe a simple, effective freehand technique for thoracic pedicle screw insertion. In this study, we aimed to compare the patients undergoing upper thoracic pedicle screw insertion with the Fennell technique simulated on Pedicle Screw Simulator (PSS) and those recruited to the same procedure utilizing C-arm fluoroscopy. Material and Method: First, we uploaded pre-operative CT images of 12 patients to the PSS module, which was used in our study to calculate the screw angle and visualize the pedicle screw entry point and trajectories. Then, we created three-dimensional vertebral models of the patients to simulate screw placement using visualization tool kit (VTK), open-source software for 3D computer graphics and visualization, available free of charge as part of 3D Slicer. Next, we placed pedicle screws through pre-determined anatomic regions. C-arm fluoroscopy-guided pedicle screws were placed in the patients in the control group. The amount of bleeding, operation times and correct screw placement data were recorded in both groups. Results: 24 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 32.3±4.1 years. We applied 80 pedicle screws to Group 1 and 72 to Group 2. According to the malposition classification by Rao et al. on postoperative CTs, 68 patients in Group 1 were classified as Grade 0, 8 as Grade 1, 4 as Grade 2. Yet, there were no statistical differences between the groups by Rao et al.’s classification (p>0.05). While the mean operation time of Group 1 was 138±34 minutes, it was 162±44 minutes in Group 2. The groups significantly differed by operation time (p