Dergiler / Bağcılar Tıp Bülteni / 2021 / Cilt: 6 - Sayı: 3

Rates of Incidental Thyroid Nodule and Thyroid Cancer Detection in Routine Check-up Examinations: A Single-center Study

Rutin Check-up Muayenesi ile İnsidental Tiroid Nodulü ve Tiroid Kanseri Saptanma Oranı: Tek Merkezli Çalışma

Sayfa
248–256
DOI
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However, considering that early diagnosis of thyroid cancer without lymph node involvement can reduce both surgical complications and prevent the risks of radioactive iodine treatment, it is concluded that thyroid cancer being detected at an early stage constitutes an important advantage for the healthy population undergoing a check-up.

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Amaç & Hipotez:Objective: Check-up examinations have gained importance in the last decade and become a common reason for people to refer to healthcare institutions to seek medical help.
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Temel Bulgular & Veri:This study aimed to determine the frequency of thyroid nodules and the rate of thyroid cancer development in patients presenting for a check-up and to define the role of variables in thyroid cancer detection.
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Sonuç & Katkı:However, considering that early diagnosis of thyroid cancer without lymph node involvement can reduce both surgical complications and prevent the risks of radioactive iodine treatment, it is concluded that thyroid cancer being detected at an early stage constitutes an important advantage for the healthy population undergoing a check-up.
🔬Tür:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Alan Parametreleri

Özet

Objective: Check-up examinations have gained importance in the last decade and become a common reason for people to refer to healthcare institutions to seek medical help. Thyroid nodules are frequently detected during check-up examinations. This study aimed to determine the frequency of thyroid nodules and the rate of thyroid cancer development in patients presenting for a check-up and to define the role of variables in thyroid cancer detection. Method: The computer database of the patients, who applied for a check-up examination, was systematically screened, and the records of thyroid ultrasonography (US) were accessed. Patients with any known history of thyroid disease or thyroid cancer and those using medication for an existing thyroid disease were excluded. The demographic data, thyroid US reports, cytology and histopathology results, and free t3 (fT3), free t4 (fT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were evaluated and recorded. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Data were analyzed using SPSS v. 25. Results: Of the 30,449 check-up patients, 24,362 were evaluated. Incidental thyroid nodules were detected in 5.645 (23.17%) patients. The mean BMI of these patients was 56±2.01 kg/m², and their mean TSH, fT3 and fT4 values were 2.87±0.45 mIU/mL, 3.76±0.87 pg/mL and 1.23±0.24 pg/mL, respectively. The mean nodule size was 1.31±0.56 mm. While 2.936 (52.01%) of the nodules were solid, 1.377 (24.39%) were cystic and 1.332 (23.59%) were mixed. Of all the nodules, 1.916 (33.94%) were in the TIRADS 2 category, 3.273 (57.98%) in the TIRADS 3 category, 234 (4.31%) in the TIRADS 4a category, 114 (1.27%) in the TIRADS 4b category, 72 (1.27%) in the TIRADS 4c category, and 36 (0.63%) in the TIRADS 5 category. For 392 patients that underwent a biopsy, the results were reported as benign for 224 (57.14%), suspected malignancy for 100 (25.51%), and malignant for 68 (17.34%). The rates of patients diagnosed with papillary, follicular and medullary thyroid cancers were 63.15%, 34.21% and 2.63%, respectively. When the multinominal logistic regression analysis was applied to all significant variables in the univariate analysis, the risk of thyroid cancer was increased 1.7-fold by increased BMI [odds ratio (OR): 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43-2.96], 1.8- fold by female gender [OR: 1.79, (CI): 1.21-2.67], 1.6-fold by solid structure nodule type [OR: 1.62, (CI): 1.27-3.54], 2.7-fold by increased nodule size [OR: 2.71, (CI): 1.11-3.31], and 4.7-fold by increased TIRADS [OR: 4.73, (CI): 1.76-7.31]. Conclusion: The main difficulty in evaluating and managing thyroid nodules is to avoid the inappropriate overuse of thyroid US, thyroid biopsy, and surgery while trying to identify clinically significant malignant nodules. Concerning the diagnosis of thyroid cancer through a checkup examination, the data obtained as a result of more detailed studies should be evaluated, and it should be kept in mind that the increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in the last three decades may be due to not only overdiagnosis but also a real increase in incidence. However, considering that early diagnosis of thyroid cancer without lymph node involvement can reduce both surgical complications and prevent the risks of radioactive iodine treatment, it is concluded that thyroid cancer being detected at an early stage constitutes an important advantage for the healthy population undergoing a check-up.

Abstract

Amaç: Check-up muayeneleri son on yılda önem kazanmış ve tıbbi yardım isteme amaçlı sağlık kurumlarına başvuruların en yaygın nedenleri arasında yerini almıştır. Tiroid nodülleri, check-up muayenesi sırasında sıklıkla tespit edilmektedir. Çalışmamızın amacı, check-up muayenesine başvuran bireylerde tiroid nodülü sıklığını ve tiroid kanseri gelişme oranını belirlemek ve tiroid kanseri saptanmasında değişkenlerin rolünü tanımlamaktır. Yöntem: Check-up muayenesi için başvuran hastaların bilgisayar database kayıtları sistematik biçimde taranarak, tiroid ultrasonografisi (USG) yapılan hasta kayıtlarına erişildi. Öncesinde bilinen herhangi bir tiroid hastalığı veya tiroid kanseri öyküsü olan ve mevcut bir tiroid hastalığı için ilaç kullanan hastalar çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Hasta grubunun demografik bilgileri, tiroid USG raporları, sitoloji ve histopatoloji sonuçları ile serbest T3 (sT3), serbest T4 (sT4) ve tiroid stimulan hormon (TSH) düzeyleri değerlendirilerek kaydedildi. Vücut kitle indeksleri (VKİ) hesaplandı. Veriler, SPSS 25 istatistik paket programı ile analiz edildi. Bulgular: Otuz bin dört yüz kırk dokuz check-up hastasının 24.362’si değerlendirildi. Beş bin altı yüz kırk beş (%23,17) hastada insidental tiroid nodülü saptandı. Bu hastaların ortalama VKİ’si 56±2,01 kg/m², TSH değeri 2,87±0,45 mIU/mL, sT3 değeri 3,76±0,87 pg/mL ve sT4 değeri 1,23±0,24 pg/mL idi. Ortalama nodül boyutu 1,31±0,56 mm iken, nodüllerin 2,936’sı (%52,01) solid nodül, 1,377’si (%24,39) kistik nodül, 1,332’si (%23,59) mikst nodül olarak gözlendi. Nodüllerin 1,916’sı (%33,94) TIRADS 2, 3,273’ü (%57,98) TIRADS 3,234’ü (%4,31) TIRADS 4a, 114’ü (%1,27) TIRADS 4b, 72’si (%1,27) TIRADS 4c ve 36’sı (%0,63) TIRADS 5 kategorisindeydi. Biyopsi yapılan 392 hastanın 224’ünün (%57,14) sonucu benign, 100’ünün (%25,51) şüpheli malign ve 68’inin (%17,34) malign olarak raporlandı. Papiller tiroid kanseri tanısı konulan hastaların oranı %63,15, foliküler tiroid kanseri %34,21 ve medüller tiroid kanseri %2,63 olarak tespit edildi. Univariate analizlerde anlamlı bulunan tüm değişkenlere multinominal lojistik regresyon analizi uygulandığında artan VKİ’nin 1,7 kat [olasılık oranı (OO): 1,71, %95 güven aralığı (GA): 1,43-2,96], kadın cinsiyetin 1,8 kat [OO: 1,79, (GA): 1,21-2,67], solid nodül yapısının 1,6 kat [OO: 1,62, (GA): 1,27-3,54], artan nodül çapının 2,7 kat [OO: 2,71, (GA): 1,11-3,31], ve artan TIRADS skorunun 4,7 kat [OO: 4,73, (GA): 1,76-7,31] tiroid kanseri gelişimini artırıcı etkisi olduğu tespit edildi. Sonuç: Tiroid nodüllerini değerlendirme ve yönetmedeki ana zorluk bir yandan tiroid US, tiroid biyopsisi ve cerrahinin uygunsuz aşırı kullanımından kaçınırken, diğer yandan klinik olarak önemli malign olanları tanımlamaya çalışmaktır. Check-up muayenesi ile tiroid kanseri tanısı koyma ile ilgili olarak, daha ayrıntılı çalışmaların sonucunda elde edilen veriler değerlendirilmeli ve son otuz yılda tiroid kanseri insidansının artmasının sadece aşırı tanıdan değil, gerçek bir insidans artışından kaynaklanabileceği akılda tutulmalıdır. Öte yandan lenf nodu tutulumsuz erken tanı tiroid kanseri ile hem cerrahi komplikasyonların azaltılabileceği hem de radyoaktif iyot tedavisinin risklerinden korunabileceği göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, evrece erken yakalanmış tiroid kanserlerinin, checkup amacıyla başvuran sağlıklı popülasyon için önemli bir avantaj olduğu kanısına varılmıştır.

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Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

ARĞUN, D., BASIM, P. (2021). Rates of Incidental Thyroid Nodule and Thyroid Cancer Detection in Routine Check-up Examinations: A Single-center Study. Bağcılar Tıp Bülteni, Cilt: 6 - Sayı: 3, 248–256. https://ajindex.com/articles/392764

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