Dergiler / Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 15

Grafen takviyeli magnezyum kompozitlerin biyomedikal amaçlı üretimi ve biyouyumluluk çalışmaları

Fabrication and biocompatibility assessment of graphene-reinforced magnesium composites for biomedical applications

Mevlüt Gürbüz(ONDOKUZ MAYIS ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-2365-5918
Sayfa
1–9
Yayın Tarihi
2026-01-15
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

SEM/EDS analizleri, GNP takviyesinin yüzeyde apatite benzer yoğun Ca–P tabakalarının oluşumunu hızlandırdığını ortaya koymuştur.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Bu çalışmada biyomedikal implantlar için potansiyel taşıyan grafen (GNP) takviyeli magnezyum (Mg) matrisli kompozitler toz metalürjisi yöntemiyle üretilmiş ve korozyon davranışları incelenmiştir.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Farklı GNP katkı oranlarında hazırlanan numuneler, yapay vücut sıvısında (SBF) daldırma testine tabi tutulmuş ve kütle kaybı ile pH değişimleri değerlendirilmiştir.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:SEM/EDS analizleri, GNP takviyesinin yüzeyde apatite benzer yoğun Ca–P tabakalarının oluşumunu hızlandırdığını ortaya koymuştur.
🔬Tür:Literatür & Derleme Çalışması
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Magnezyum matrisli kompozitler · grafen nanoplatelet · toz metalürjisi

Özet

Bu çalışmada biyomedikal implantlar için potansiyel taşıyan grafen (GNP) takviyeli magnezyum (Mg) matrisli kompozitler toz metalürjisi yöntemiyle üretilmiş ve korozyon davranışları incelenmiştir. Farklı GNP katkı oranlarında hazırlanan numuneler, yapay vücut sıvısında (SBF) daldırma testine tabi tutulmuş ve kütle kaybı ile pH değişimleri değerlendirilmiştir. Başlangıçta tün deney setleri için 7.25 olan pH değeri 10 gün ve 20 gün sonunda 10’un üzerine çıkmıştır. MG045 ve MG060 gruplarında pH değerindeki artış miktarının daha az olması biyouyumluluk açısından olumlu değerlendirilmiştir. Ortalama korozyon hızı (CR) 1.244 ± 0.094 mg·cm⁻²·gün⁻¹ olarak hesaplanmış olup, en yüksek hız MG015 grubunda 1.388 mg·cm⁻²·gün⁻¹, en düşük hız ise MG045 grubunda 1.138 mg·cm⁻²·gün⁻¹ bulunmuştur. SEM/EDS analizleri, GNP takviyesinin yüzeyde apatite benzer yoğun Ca–P tabakalarının oluşumunu hızlandırdığını ortaya koymuştur. Bu sonuçlar, saf Mg’de literatürde raporlanan yaklaşık 60 mg·cm⁻² kütle kaybına kıyasla daha düşük korozyon değerlerine işaret etmekte, ancak kaplamalı Mg sistemlerine göre hâlâ daha yüksek seviyede olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma, uygun katkı oranlarında GNP’nin Mg esaslı biyobozunur kompozitlerin korozyon direncini ve biyouyumluluğunu artırabileceğini doğrulamaktadır.

Abstract

In this study, graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)-reinforced magnesium (Mg) matrix composites with potential applicability in biomedical implants were fabricated using the powder metallurgy technique, and their corrosion behavior was systematically investigated. Specimens containing different GNP weight fractions were subjected to immersion tests in simulated body fluid (SBF), and the resulting mass loss and pH variations were analyzed. The initial pH value of 7.25 for all test sets exceeded 10 after the 10th and 20th days of immersion. The more controlled pH increase observed in the MG045 and MG060 groups was evaluated favorably in terms of biocompatibility. The average corrosion rate (CR) was calculated as 1.244 ± 0.094 mg·cm⁻²·day⁻¹, with the highest value measured for the MG015 group (1.388 mg·cm⁻²·day⁻¹) and the lowest for the MG045 group (1.138 mg·cm⁻²·day⁻¹). SEM/EDS analyses revealed that GNP addition promoted the formation of dense Ca–P layers resembling apatite on the composite surface. These findings indicate lower corrosion levels compared to the ~60 mg·cm⁻² mass loss commonly reported for pure Mg in the literature, yet higher than those of coated Mg systems. Overall, the study demonstrates that optimized GNP incorporation can enhance both the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of Mg-based biodegradable composites.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Dengiz, E. Ö., Gürbüz, M. (2026). Grafen takviyeli magnezyum kompozitlerin biyomedikal amaçlı üretimi ve biyouyumluluk çalışmaları. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 15, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1793201

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (32)

  1. M. Malaki, W. Xu, A. Kasar, P. Menezes, H. Dieringa, R. Varma, and M. Gupta, Advanced metal matrix nanocomposites. Metals, 9, 330, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9030330.
  2. A. Kumar, V. Singh, R. Singh, R. Chaudhary, D. Kumar, and A. Mourad, A review of aluminum metal matrix composites: fabrication route, reinforcements, microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion properties. Journal of Materials Science, 59, 2644–2711, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-024-09398-7.
  3. S. Amukarimi and M. Mozafari, Biodegradable magnesium-based biomaterials: An overview of challenges and opportunities. MedComm, 2, 123–144, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.59.
  4. M. Shahin, K. Munir, and C. Wen, Magnesium-based composites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets as biodegradable implant materials. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 828, 154461, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154461.
  5. K. K. Thomas, M. N. Zafar, W. G. Pitt, and G. A. Husseini, Biodegradable magnesium alloys for biomedical implants: properties, challenges, and surface modifications with a focus on orthopedic fixation repair. Applied Sciences, 14(1), 10, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010010.
  6. T. Kokubo and H. Takadama, How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity? Biomaterials, 27(15), 2907–2915, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017.
  7. E. Ö. Dengiz, Grafen takviyeli magnezyum kompozitlerin üretimi ve karakterizasyonu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Türkiye, 2018.
  8. A. Saboori, M. Dadkhah, P. Fino, and M. Pavese, An overview of metal matrix nanocomposites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets: mechanical, electrical and thermophysical properties. Metals, 8(6), 423, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8060423.
  9. K. Munir, C. Wen, and Y. Li, Graphene nanoplatelets-reinforced magnesium metal matrix nanocomposites with superior mechanical and corrosion performance for biomedical applications. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 8(1), 269–290, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2019.12.002.
  10. M. Rashad, F. Pan, H. Hu, M. Asif, S. Hussain, and J. She, Enhanced tensile properties of magnesium composites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 630, 36–44, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.02.002.
  11. T. Lu, M. Zhou, L. Ren, L. Fan, Y. Guo, X. Qu, H. Zhang, X. Lu, and G. Quan, Effect of graphene nanoplatelets content on the mechanical and wear properties of AZ31 alloy. Metals, 10(9), 1265, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10091265.
  12. H. Xiong, L. Gu, J. Wang, L. Zhou, T. Ying, S. Wang, H. Zhou, J. Li, Y. Gao, and X. Zeng, The interface structure and property of magnesium matrix composites: a review. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 12(7), 2595–2623, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2024.04.022.
  13. L. Chen, J. Jing, L. Zhang, J. Li, W. Chen, L. Li, Y. Zhao, H. Hou, and Y. Zhao, Corrosion behavior of graphene nanosheets reinforced magnesium matrix composites in simulated body fluids. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 37, 525–536, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-024-01680-6.
  14. T. Zhang, W. Wang, J. Liu, L. Wang, Y. Tang, and K. Wang, A review on magnesium alloys for biomedical applications. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 953344, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.953344.
  15. T. Liu, W. Lyu, Z. Li, S. Wang, X. Wang, J. Jiang, and X. Jiang, Recent progress on corrosion mechanisms of graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites. Nanotechnology Reviews, 12(1), 20220566, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0566.
  16. A. Abdelhalim, A. Meshcheriakov, D. Maistrenko, O. Molchanov, S. Ageev, D. Ivanova, N. Iamalova, M. Luttsev, L. Vasina, V. Sharoyko, and K. Semenov, Graphene oxide enriched with oxygen-containing groups: on the way to an increase of antioxidant activity and biocompatibility. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 204, 112232, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112232.
  17. F. Z. Akbarzadeh, M. Sarraf, E. Rezvani Ghomi, V. V. Kumar, M. Salehi, S. Ramakrishna, and S. Bae, A state-of-the-art review on recent advances in the fabrication and characteristics of magnesium-based alloys in biomedical applications. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 12(7), 2569–2594, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2024.06.015.
  18. F. Witte, V. Kaese, H. Haferkamp, E. Switzer, A. Meyer-Lindenberg, C. J. Wirth, and H. Windhagen, In vivo corrosion of four magnesium alloys and the associated bone response. Biomaterials, 26(17), 3557–3563, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.09.049.
  19. L. Xu, G. Yu, E. Zhang, F. Pan, and K. Yang, In vivo corrosion behavior of Mg-Mn-Zn alloy for bone implant application. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research A, 83A, 703–711, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31273.
  20. H. Zreiqat, C. R. Howlett, A. Zannettino, P. Evans, G. Schulze-Tanzil, C. Knabe, and M. Shakibaei, Mechanisms of magnesium-stimulated adhesion of osteoblastic cells to commonly used orthopaedic implants. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 62, 175–184, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.10270.
  21. A. Anand, A. Shukla, A. Kumar, D. Buddhi and A. Sharma, Cycle test stability and corrosion evaluation of phase change materials used in thermal energy storage systems. Journal of Energy Storage, 39, 102664, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102664.
  22. S. Sabri, E. M. Nazim, N. H. A. Ngadiman, and I. Sudin, Comparative study on the microstructure and biodegradation behavior of commercialized pure Mg and Mg-1.0 Ca-0.5 Sr alloy in 27 mM HCO3−-SBF: the influence of the pH regulation treatments. Metals, 13, 136, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13010136.
  23. J. Gonzalez, S. V. Lamaka, D. Mei, N. Scharnagl, F. Feyerabend, M. L. Zheludkevich, and R.Willumeit-Römer, Mg biodegradation mechanism deduced from the local surface environment under simulated physiological conditions. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 10, 13, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202100053.
  24. S. Kovacevic, W. Ali, T. K. Mandal, E. Martínez-Pañeda, and J. LLorca, Impact of pH and chloride content on the biodegradation of magnesium alloys for medical implants: An in vitro and phase-field study. Acta Biomaterialia, 198, 546-565, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2025.03.034.
  25. M. P. Staiger, A. M. Pietak, J. Huadmai, and G. Dias, Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review. Biomaterials, 27(9), 1728–1734, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.003.
  26. H. C. Blair, Q. C. Larrouture, I. L. Tourkova, L. Liu, J. H. Bian, D. B. Stolz, D. J. Nelson, and P. H. Schlesinger, Support of bone mineral deposition by regulation of pH. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 315(4), C587–C597, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00056.2018.
  27. Y. Wang, M. Wei, J. Gao, J. Hu, and Y. Zhang, Corrosion process of pure magnesium in simulated body fluid. Materials Letters, 62(14), 2181–2184, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.11.045.
  28. L. Wei, J. Li, Y. Zhang, and H. Lai, Effects of Zn content on microstructure, mechanical and degradation behaviors of Mg-xZn-0.2Ca-0.1Mn alloys. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 241, 122441, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122441.
  29. J. Dong, J. Zhong, R. Hou, X. Hu, Y. Chen, H. Weng, Z. Zhang, B. Liu, S. Yang, and Z. Peng, Polymer bilayer-micro arc oxidation surface coating on pure magnesium for bone implantation. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation, 40, 27–36, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jot.2023.05.003.
  30. M. Park, J. Lee, C. Park, S. Lee, H. Seok, and Y. Choy, Polycaprolactone coating with varying thicknesses for controlled corrosion of magnesium. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 10, 695–706, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-013-9474-6.
  31. N. Singh, U. Batra, K. Kumar, and A. Siddiquee, Evaluating the electrochemical and in vitro degradation of an HA-titania nano-channeled coating for effective corrosion resistance of biodegradable Mg alloy. Coatings, 12(11), 1760, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010030.
  32. E. Ö. Dengiz, C. G. Dengiz, and M. Gürbüz, Experimental and numerical study on the influence of graphene reinforcement and processing parameters on the mechanical and tribological behavior of magnesium composites. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207251369076.