KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Spor ve Bilim Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Sağlıklı Bireylerde Egzersizin Miyokin Düzeyine Etkisi: Sistematik İnceleme

Effect of Exercise on Myokine Levels in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review

Esma Dana(ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-1688-1589
Şerife Vatansever(ULUDAG UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-4722-5197
Sayfa
128–137
Yayın Tarihi
2026-01-30
DOI
—
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Bu araştırma sonucu akut egzersizin, BDNF, irisin ve IL-6 seviyelerinde geçici artışlara neden olduğunu, bu artışların kısa süre sonra başlangıç seviyelerine döndüğünü göstermektedir.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Bu sistematik inceleme, sağlıklı bireylerde akut ve kronik egzersizin belirli miyokin seviyeleri üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Derlemeye 2014-2024 yılları arasında yayınlanmış ve belirli kriterlere uygun randomize kontrollü çalışmalar PRİSMA yönergelerine uygun olarak incelenmiştir.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Bu araştırma sonucu akut egzersizin, BDNF, irisin ve IL-6 seviyelerinde geçici artışlara neden olduğunu, bu artışların kısa süre sonra başlangıç seviyelerine döndüğünü göstermektedir.
🔬Tür:Uygulamalı Anket & Alan Araştırması
📍Kapsam:2014-2024 Verileri
⚙️Değişkenler:Egzersiz · Myokin · BDNF

Özet

Bu sistematik inceleme, sağlıklı bireylerde akut ve kronik egzersizin belirli miyokin seviyeleri üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. Derlemeye 2014-2024 yılları arasında yayınlanmış ve belirli kriterlere uygun randomize kontrollü çalışmalar PRİSMA yönergelerine uygun olarak incelenmiştir. Literatür taraması sonucunda, toplamda 19 çalışma değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Bu araştırma sonucu akut egzersizin, BDNF, irisin ve IL-6 seviyelerinde geçici artışlara neden olduğunu, bu artışların kısa süre sonra başlangıç seviyelerine döndüğünü göstermektedir. Ayrıca kronik egzersizin, TNF- α seviyelerini düşürdüğü, irisin düzeyinde kalıcı bir yükselmeye neden olduğu bulunmuştur. Buna karşın, kronik egzersizin BDNF düzeyini anlamlı olarak etkilemediği görülmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, egzersizin miyokinlerin seviyesini etkileyerek inflamatuar süreçleri düzenlemede ve metabolik sağlık üzerinde olumlu etkiler sağladığını desteklemektedir. Ancak çalışma protokollerinin birbirinden çok farklı olması (katılımcı özellikleri, egzersiz türü, şiddeti, sıklığı ve süresi vb.) egzersizin miyokinler üzerindeki etkisini tam olarak ortaya konulmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu alanda daha birçok randomize kontrollü çalışmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalar, farklı miyokinlerin uzun vadeli etkilerini daha detaylı ele alarak egzersizin sağlık üzerindeki rolünü daha iyi anlamamıza yardımcı olabilir.

Abstract

This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of acute and chronic exercise on specific myokine levels in healthy individuals. Randomized controlled trials published between 2014 and 2024 that met predefined criteria were analyzed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A total of 19 studies were included following a comprehensive literature search. The findings suggest that acute exercise induces transient increases in BDNF, irisin, and IL-6 levels, which return to baseline shortly thereafter. Chronic exercise, on the other hand, was found to reduce TNF-α levels and lead to a sustained increase in irisin concentrations. However, no significant effect of chronic exercise on BDNF levels was observed. These findings support the notion that exercise modulates inflammatory processes and contributes positively to metabolic health through its influence on myokine levels. Nevertheless, considerable variability in study protocols—such as participant characteristics, exercise type, intensity, frequency, and duration—limits the ability to draw definitive conclusions about the effects of exercise on myokines. Therefore, further randomized controlled trials are needed. Future research should explore the long-term effects of various myokines in more detail to enhance our understanding of the role of exercise in promoting health.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Dana, E., Vatansever, Ş. (2026). Sağlıklı Bireylerde Egzersizin Miyokin Düzeyine Etkisi: Sistematik İnceleme. Spor ve Bilim Dergisi, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 128–137. https://ajindex.com/articles/1646598

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (64)

  1. Algul, S., Özdenk, C., & Özçelik, O. (2017). Variations in leptin, nesfatin 1 and irisin levels induced by aerobic exercise in young trained and untrained male subjects. Biology of Sport, 34(4), 339–344. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2017.69821
  2. Amanat, S., Sinaei, E., Panji, M., Mohammadpor Hodki, R., Bagheri Hosseinabadi, Z., Asadimehr, H., Fararouei, M., & Dianatinasab, A. (2020). A randomized controlled trial on the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercises training on the serum levels of nesfatin 1, irisin 1 and HOMA IR. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 562895. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.562895
  3. Azevedo, K. P. M. d., de Oliveira, V. H., Medeiros, G. C. B. S. d., Mata, Á. N. d. S., García, D. Á., Martínez, D. G., Leitão, J. C., Knackfuss, M. I., & Piuvezam, G. (2020). The effects of exercise on BDNF levels in adolescents: A systematic review with meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6056.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176056
  4. Bettariga, F., Taaffe, D. R., Galvão, D. A., Lopez, P., Bishop, C., Markarian, A. M., Natalucci, V., Kim, J. S., & Newton, R. U. (2024). Exercise training mode effects on myokine expression in healthy adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 13(6), 764–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2024.04.005
  5. Boström, P., Wu, J., Jedrychowski, M. P., Korde, A., Ye, L., Lo, C. J., … Spiegelman, B. M. (2012). A PGC 1α dependent myokine that drives brown fat like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature, 481(7382), 463–468 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10777
  6. Bruunsgaard, H., Pedersen, M., & Weiss, A. (2020). High intensity aerobic exercise and its effects on TNF α levels in untrained individuals. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(5), 871–879.
  7. Bulğay, C., Çetin, E., & Ergün, M. A. (2020). Sportif performans ve BDNF ilişkisi [The relationship between athletic performance and BDNF]. Gazi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(3), 45–59.
  8. Caldo Silva, A., Furtado, G. E., Chupel, M. U., Bachi, A. L. L., de Barros, M. P., Neves, R., Marzetti, E., Massart, A., & Teixeira, A. M. (2021). Effect of training detraining phases of multicomponent exercises and BCAA supplementation on inflammatory markers and albumin levels in frail older persons. Nutrients, 13(4), 1106. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041106
  9. Cheng, A., Wan, R., Yang, J. L., Kamimura, N., Son, T. G., Ouyang, X., … et al. (2012). Involvement of PGC 1α in the formation and maintenance of neuronal dendritic spines. Nature Communications, 3(1), 1250. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2238
  10. Dinas, P. C., Koutedakis, Y., & Flouris, A. D. (2011). Effects of exercise and physical activity on depression. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 180(2), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-010-0633-9
  11. Dinoff, A., Herrmann, N., Swardfager, W., & Lanctôt, K. L. (2017). The effect of acute exercise on blood concentrations of brain derived neurotrophic factor in healthy adults: A meta analysis. European Journal of Neuroscience, 46(11), 2635–2646. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13705
  12. Dündar, A., Kocahan, S., & Şahin, L. (2021). Associations of apelin, leptin, irisin, ghrelin, insulin, glucose levels, and lipid parameters with physical activity during eight weeks of regular exercise training. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 127(4), 291–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/13813455.2020.1809139
  13. Fatouros, I. G., Jamurtas, A. Z., Villiotou, V., Poulios, A., Fotinakis, P., Taxildaris, K., et al. (2006). The effect of high intensity endurance exercise training on interleukin 6 and other inflammatory markers in healthy individuals. Journal of Applied Physiology, 101(6), 1738–1745. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01335.2005
  14. Fernandez del Valle, M., Short, M. J., Chung, E., McComb, J., Kloiber, S., Naclerio, F., & Larumbe Zabala, E. (2018). Effects of high intensity resistance training on circulating levels of irisin in healthy adults: A randomized controlled trial. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 9(1), e13025. https://doi.org/10.22059/asjsm.2018.07
  15. Forti, L. N., Van Roie, E., Njemini, R., Coudyzer, W., Beyer, I., Delecluse, C., & Bautmans, I. (2017). Effects of resistance training at different loads on inflammatory markers in young adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(3), 511–519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3569-3
  16. Ghanbari Niaki, A., Saeidi, A., Ahmadian, M., Gharahcholo, L., Naghavi, N., Fazelzadeh, M., Mahjoub, S., Myers, S., & Williams, A. (2018). The combination of exercise training and Zataria multiflora supplementation increases serum irisin levels in postmenopausal women. Integrative Medicine Research, 7(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2018.08.002
  17. Gleeson, M., Bishop, N. C., Stensel, D. J., Lindley, M. R., Mastana, S. S., & Nimmo, M. A. (2011). The anti inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 11(9), 607–615. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3041
  18. Gmiat, A., Mieszkowski, J., Prusik, K., Prusik, K., Kortas, J., Kochanowicz, A., Radulska, A., Lipiński, M., Tomczyk, M., Jaworska, J., Antosiewicz, J., & Ziemann, E. (2017). Changes in pro inflammatory markers and leucine concentrations in response to Nordic Walking training combined with vitamin D supplementation in elderly women. Biogerontology, 18(4), 535–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-017-9711-2
  19. Gonçalves, L., Souza, E., & Silva, G. (2020). Aerobic exercise and immune system: A systematic review of the effects on TNF α and other cytokines. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 284. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00284
  20. Hecksteden, A., Wegmann, M., Steffen, A., Kraushaar, J., Morsch, A., Ruppenthal, S., Kaestner, L., & Meyer, T. (2013). Irisin and exercise training in humans – results from a randomized controlled training trial. BMC Medicine, 11(1), 235. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-235
  21. Hoffmann, C., & Weigert, C. (2017). Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: the role of myokines in exercise adaptations. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 7(11), a029793. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a029793
  22. Hotamisligil, G. S., Shargill, N. S., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1993). Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: Direct role in obesity linked insulin resistance. Science, 259(5091), 87–91. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7678183
  23. Huang, T., Larsen, K. T., Ried Larsen, M., Møller, N. C., & Andersen, L. B. (2014). The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: A review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12069
  24. Huh, J. Y. (2018). The role of exercise-induced myokines in regulating metabolism. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 41(1), 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-017-0994-y
  25. Huh, J. Y., Panagiotou, G., Mougios, V., Brinkoetter, M., Vamvini, M. T., Schneider, B. E., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2012). FNDC5 and irisin in humans: I. Predictors of circulating concentrations in serum and plasma and II. mRNA expression and circulating concentrations in response to weight loss and exercise. Metabolism, 61(12), 1725–1738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.002
  26. Jones, R., & White, T. (2024). Acute and chronic exercise effects on BDNF: A review of healthy individuals. Biology, 13(5), 323.
  27. Kabak, B., Belviranli, M., & Okudan, N. (2018). Irisin and myostatin responses to acute high intensity interval exercise in humans. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 50(4), 321–327.
  28. Khalafi, M., Maleki, A. H., Symonds, M. E., Sakhaei, M. H., Rosenkranz, S. K., Ehsanifar, M., Korivi, M., & Liu, Y. (2024). Interleukin 15 responses to acute and chronic exercise in adults: a systematic review and meta analysis. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1288537.
  29. Kim, H. J., So, B., Choi, M., Kang, D., & Song, W. (2015). Resistance exercise training increases the expression of irisin concomitant with improvement of muscle function in aging mice and humans. Experimental Gerontology, 70,11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2015.06.005
  30. Knaepen, K., Goekint, M., Heyman, E. M., & Meeusen, R. (2010). Neuroplasticity - exercise-induced response of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a systematic review of experimental studies in human subjects. Sports Medicine, 40(9), 765–801.https://doi.org/10.2165/11534530-000000000-00000
  31. Kotowska, J., Jówko, E., Cieśliński, I., Gromisz, W., & Sadowski, J. (2022). IL-6 and HSPA1A gene polymorphisms may ınfluence the levels of the ınflammatory and oxidative stress parameters and their response to a chronic swimming training. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13),8127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138127
  32. Kraemer, R. R., Shockett, P., Webb, N. D., Shah, U., & Castracane, V. D. (2014). A transient elevated irisin blood concentration in response to prolonged, moderate aerobic exercise in young men and women. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 46(2), 150–154. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1361810
  33. Lightfoot, A. P., & Cooper, R. G. (2016). Interleukin-6 and exercise: A review of the relationship between exercise intensity, frequency, and inflammatory response. Sports Medicine, 46(10), 1411–1423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0502-8
  34. Marcucci-Barbosa, L. S., Martins-Junior, F., Lobo, L. F., Forjaz, C. L. M., Brum, P. C., & da Silva, E. L. (2020). 10 km running race induces an elevation in the plasma myokine level of nonprofessional runners. Sport Sciences for Health, 16(2), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-019-00581-y
  35. McMahon, G., Morse, C. I., Winwood, K., Burden, A., & Onambélé, G. L. (2019). Circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha may modulate the short-term detraining induced muscle mass loss following prolonged resistance training. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 527. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00527
  36. Miyamoto-Mikami, E., Sato, K., Kurihara, T., Hasegawa, N., Fujie, S., Fujita, S., et al. (2015). Endurance training-ınduced ıncrease in circulating ırisin levels ıs associated with reduction of abdominal visceral fat in middle-aged and older adults. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0120354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120354
  37. Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M.,. & Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
  38. Motahari Rad, M., Bijeh, N., Attarzadeh Hosseini, S. R., & Raouf Saeb, A. (2023). The effect of two concurrent exercise modalities on serum concentrations of FGF21, irisin, follistatin, and myostatin in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 129(2), 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/13813455.2022.2115998
  39. Murawska-Ciałowicz, E., Wolański, P., Żuwała-Jagiełło, J., Feito, Y., Petr, M., Kokštejn, J., Staśny, P., & Goliński, D. (2020). Effect of HIIT with tabata protocol on serum ırisin, physical performance, and body composition in men. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103589
  40. Nicolini, C., Michalski, B., Toepp, S. L., Turco, C. V., D'Hoine, T., Harasym, D., Gibala, M. J., Fahnestock, M., & Nelson, A. J. (2020). A Single Bout of High-intensity Interval Exercise Increases Corticospinal Excitability, Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor, and Uncarboxylated Osteocalcin in Sedentary, Healthy Males. Neuroscience, 437, 242–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.030
  41. Nishida, Y., Tanaka, K., Hara, M., Hirao, N., Tanaka, H., Tobina, T., Ikeda, M., Yamato, H., & Ohta, M. (2015). Effects of home-based bench step exercise on inflammatory cytokines and lipid profiles in elderly Japanese females: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 61(3), 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2015.07.006
  42. Norheim, F., Langleite, T. M., Hjorth, M., Holen, T., Kielland, A., Stadheim, H. K.,. & Drevon, C. A. (2014). The effects of acute and chronic exercise on PGC-1α, irisin and browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans. FEBS Journal, 281(3), 739–749. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.12619
  43. Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S.,. Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
  44. Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. A. (2008). Muscle-derived interleukin-6: A possible link between exercise and disease protection. The Journal of Physiology, 586(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141399
  45. Pedersen, B. K., Åkerström, T. C., Nielsen, A. R., & Fischer, C. P. (2007). Role of myokines in exercise and metabolism. Journal of Applied Physiology, 103(3), 1093–1098. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00001.2007
  46. Petersen, A. M. W., & Pedersen, B. K. (2005). The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 98(4), 1154–1162. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004
  47. Qian, S. W., Tang, Y., Li, X., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y. Y., Huang, H. Y., et al. (2013). BMP4-mediated brown fat-like changes in white adipose tissue alter glucose and energy homeostasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(22), 8990–8995. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1301964110
  48. Qiu, S., Bosnyák, E., Treff, G., Steinacker, J. M., Nieß, A. M., Krüger, K., Mooren, F. C., Zügel, M., & Schumann, U. (2018). Acute exercise-induced irisin release in healthy adults: Associations with training status and exercise mode. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(9), 1215–1223. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1478008
  49. Reihmane, D., & Dela, F. (2014). Interleukin-6: A myokine regulating exercise and metabolism. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(6), e13–e22. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12189
  50. Rodziewicz, E., Król-Zielińska, M., Zieliński, J., Kusy, K., & Ziemann, E. (2020). Plasma concentration of irisin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and their association with the level of erythrocyte adenine nucleotides in response to long-term endurance training at rest and after a single bout of exercise. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 923. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00923
  51. Safarimosavi, S., Mohebbi, H., & Rohani, H. (2021). High-ıntensity interval vs. continuous endurance training: preventive effects on hormonal changes and physiological adaptations in prediabetes patients. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(3), 731–738. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003499
  52. Saha, B., & Silvestre, R. (2021). Cytokines in the immunity and immunopathogenesis in leishmaniases. Cytokine, 145, 155320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155320
  53. Scharhag-Rosenberger, F., Meyer, T., Wegmann, M., Ruppenthal, S., Kaestner, L., Morsch, A., & Hecksteden, A. (2014). Irisin does not mediate resistance training-induced alterations in resting metabolic rate. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 46(9), 1736–1743. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000301
  54. Smith, J., & Brown, P. (2024). Comparing aerobic and resistance exercise on BDNF levels. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 31(Suppl_1), zwae175.135. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwad175.135
  55. Steensberg, A., Keller, C., Starkie, R. L., Osada, T., Febbraio, M. A., & Pedersen, B. K. (2003). IL-6 and TNF-α expression in human skeletal muscle and IL-6 plasma levels in response to exercise. Journal of Physiology, 550(Pt 3), 927–931. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.044580
  56. Szuhany, K. L., Bugatti, M., & Otto, M. W. (2015). A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 60, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.003
  57. Şahin, E. (2016). Yeni tanı almış tip 2 diyabetli hastalarda serum irisin seviyesinin incelenmesi, (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi).
  58. Tsuchiya, Y., Ando, D., & Takamatsu, K. (2014). Effects of acute exercise on plasma irisin, FGF21, and follistatin in relation to activation of PGC‐1α. Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(3), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00699.2013
  59. Verhagen, A. P., de Vet, H. C. W., de Bie, R. A., Kessels, A. G. H., Boers, M., & van den Brandt, P. A. (1998). The Delphi list: A criteria list for quality assessment of randomised clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51(12), 1235–1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00131-0
  60. World Health Organization. (2020). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/336656
  61. Yarım, G., & Kazak, F. (2015). Beyin kaynaklı nörotrofik faktör. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 120–129.
  62. Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M.,. & Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
  63. Norheim, F., Langleite, T. M., Hjorth, M., Holen, T., Kielland, A., Stadheim, H. K.,. & Drevon, C. A. (2014). The effects of acute and chronic exercise on PGC-1α, irisin and browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans. FEBS Journal, 281(3), 739–749. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.12619
  64. Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S.,. Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71