KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty / 2026 / Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Battery Swapping Stations in a Multi-Echelon Distribution Network

Ergül Kısa Toğrul(HİTİT ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-7755-5173
Sayfa
—
Yayın Tarihi
2025-06-30
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Furthermore, there is a negative correlation between the battery capacity of electric vehicles and the total cost, meaning that as battery capacity increases, the overall cost tends to decrease.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Increasing environmental considerations force the logistics sector to develop more environmentally friendly approaches.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:In this context, the Two-Echelon Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Battery Swapping Station (2E-E-VRP-BSS) is considered in this study.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Furthermore, there is a negative correlation between the battery capacity of electric vehicles and the total cost, meaning that as battery capacity increases, the overall cost tends to decrease.
🔬Tür:Modelleme & Sayısal Simülasyon
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Green Logistics · Sustainability · Multi-Echelon Distribution Network

Abstract

Increasing environmental considerations force the logistics sector to develop more environmentally friendly approaches. Thus, the concept of "green logistics" is becoming more crucial. The use of electric vehicles, which become prominent with their low energy consumption, less cost and environmentally friendly features, is a part of green logistics. Moreover, taking into consideration of multi-echelon distribution networks can also be effective in reducing the negative outcomes of urban logistics. In this context, the Two-Echelon Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Battery Swapping Station (2E-E-VRP-BSS) is considered in this study. A Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) model is presented for the problem in which the total cost consisting of fixed cost, transportation cost, battery swapping cost and handling cost is minimized. To test the validity of the model, three different data sets, each of different sizes, simulating a realistic distribution network were created. In addition, sensitivity analyses were carried out in order to examine the impact of changes in customer demand and battery capacities of electric vehicles on optimal solutions. The analyses indicate the applicability of the model. The findings suggest that fluctuations in customer demand directly impact the total cost, with higher demand leading to increased costs and lower demand resulting in cost reductions compared to the base case scenario. Furthermore, there is a negative correlation between the battery capacity of electric vehicles and the total cost, meaning that as battery capacity increases, the overall cost tends to decrease.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Toğrul, E. K. (2025). Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Battery Swapping Stations in a Multi-Echelon Distribution Network. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, Volume: 12 Issue: 2. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1459738

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (44)

  1. Agardi, A., Kovacs, L., & Banyai, T. (2019). Two-echelon vehicle routing problem with recharge stations. Transport and Telecommunication Journal, 20(4), 305-317. https://doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2019-0025
  2. Akbay, M. A., Kalayci, C. B., Blum, C., & Polat, O. (2022). Variable neighborhood search for the two-echelon electric vehicle routing problem with time windows. Applied Sciences, 12(3), 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031014
  3. Babaee Tirkolaee, E., Hadian, S., & Golpira, H. (2019). A novel multi-objective model for two-echelon green routing problem of perishable products with intermediate depots. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Studies, 6(2), 196-213. https://doi.org/10.22116/JIEMS.2019.94158
  4. Babagolzadeh, M., Shrestha, A., Abbasi, B., Zhang, S., Atefi, R., & Woodhead, A. (2019). Sustainable open vehicle routing with release-time and time-window: A two-echelon distribution system. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 52(13), 571-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.219
  5. Baldacci, R., Mingozzi, A., Roberti, R., & Calvo, R. W. (2013). An exact algorithm for the two-echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem. Operations Research, 61(2), 298-314. https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.1120.1153
  6. Belgin, O., Karaoglan, I., & Altiparmak, F. (2018). Two-echelon vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery: Mathematical model and heuristic approach. Computers and Industrial Engineering, (115), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2017.10.032
  7. Bevilaqua, A., Bevilaqua, D., & Yamanaka, K. (2019). Parallel island based memetic algorithm with Lin–Kernighan local search for a real-life two-echelon heterogeneous vehicle routing problem based on Brazilian wholesale companies. Applied Soft Computing, (76), 697-711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2018.12.036
  8. Breunig, U., Baldacci, R., Hartl, R. F., & Vidal, T. (2019). The electric two-echelon vehicle routing problem. Computers and Operations Research, (103), 198-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2018.11.005
  9. Crainic, T. G., Mancini, S., Perboli, G., & Tadei, R. (2011, April 27-29). Multi-start heuristics for the two-echelon vehicle routing problem [Conference presentation]. 11th European Conference EvoCOP 2011, Torino (IT). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20364-0_16
  10. Crainic, T. G., Mancini, S., Perboli, G., & Tadei, R. (2012). Impact of generalized travel costs on satellite location in the two-echelon vehicle routing problem. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, (39), 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.101
  11. Crainic, T. G., & Sgalambro, A. (2014). Service network design models for two-tier city logistics. Optimization Letters, 8, 1375-1387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11590-013-0662-1
  12. Cuda, R., Guastaroba, G., & Speranza, M. G. (2015). A survey on two-echelon routing problems. Computers and Operations Research, (55), 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2014.06.008
  13. Erdelic, T., & Caric, T. (2019). A survey on the electric vehicle routing problem: Variants and solution approaches. Journal of Advanced Transportation, (2019), 5075671. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5075671
  14. Goli, A., Golmohammadi, A. M., & Verdegay, J. L. (2022). Two-echelon electric vehicle routing problem with a developed moth-flame meta-heuristic algorithm. Operations Management Research, 15(3), 891-912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-022-00298-0
  15. Grangier, P., Gendreau, M., Lehuede, F., & Rousseau, L. M. (2016). An adaptive large neighborhood search for the two-echelon multiple-trip vehicle routing problem with satellite synchronization. European Journal of Operational Research, 254(1), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.03.040
  16. Gurobi (n.d.). Gurobi downloads and licenses. https://www.gurobi.com
  17. Hemmelmayr, V. C., Cordeau, J. F., & Crainic, T. G. (2012). An adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic for two-echelon vehicle routing problems arising in city logistics. Computers and Operations Research, 39(12), 3215-3228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2012.04.007
  18. Jepsen, M., Spoorendonk, S., & Ropke, S. (2013). A branch-and-cut algorithm for the symmetric two-echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem. Transportation Science, 47(1), 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.1110.0399
  19. Jie, W., Yang, J., Zhang, M., & Huang, Y. (2019). The two-echelon capacitated electric vehicle routing problem with battery swapping stations: Formulation and efficient methodology. European Journal of Operational Research, 272(3), 879-904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.07.002
  20. Koç, Ç., & Özceylan, E. (2018). Yeşil ve elektrikli araç rotalama problemleri üzerine bir literatür taraması ve araştırma öngörüleri. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 17(3), 1041-1053. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.404377
  21. Kucukoğlu, I., Dewil, R., & Cattrysse, D. (2021). The electric vehicle routing problem and its variations: A literature review. Computers and Industrial Engineering, (161), 107650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2021.107650
  22. Li, H., Liu, Y., Chen, K., & Lin, Q. (2020). The two-echelon city logistics system with on-street satellites. Computers and Industrial Engineering, (139), 105577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2018.12.024
  23. Li, H., Liu, Y., Jian, X., & Lu, Y. (2018). The two-echelon distribution system considering the real-time transshipment capacity varying. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, (110), 239-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2018.02.015
  24. Li, J. Q. (2014). Transit bus scheduling with limited energy. Transportation Science, 48(4), 521-539. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2013.0468
  25. Meihua, W., Xuhong, T., & Shumin, W. (2011). Hybrid ant colony optimization algorithm for two echelon vehicle routing problem. Procedia Engineering, (15), 3361-3365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.08.630
  26. Pelletier, S., Jabali, O., & Laporte, G. (2016). Goods distribution with electric vehicles: Review and research perspectives. Transportation Science, 50(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2015.0646
  27. Perboli, G., Tadei, R., & Fadda, E. (2018). New valid inequalities for the two-echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem. Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics, (64), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endm.2018.01.009
  28. Perboli, G., Tadei, R. & Masoero, F. (2009). Valid inequalities for the two-echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem. Technical report. CIRRELT-2009-39, CIRRELT, Montreal, Canada. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endm.2018.01.009
  29. Qin, H., Su, X., Ren, T., & Luo, Z. (2021). A review on the electric vehicle routing problems: Variants and algorithms. Frontiers of Engineering Management, 8, 370-389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-021-0157-1
  30. Sahibinden (n.d.). Truck capacity and purchase price. https://sahibinden.com
  31. Santos, F. A., da Cunha, A. S., & Mateus, G. R. (2013). Branch-and-price algorithms for the two-echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem. Optimization Letters, 7, 1537-1547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11590-012-0568-3
  32. Schneider, M., Stenger, A., & Goeke, D. (2014). The electric vehicle-routing problem with time windows and recharging stations. Transportation Science, 48(4), 500-520. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2013.0490
  33. Sitek, P., & Wikarek, J. (2014). A novel integrated approach to the modelling and solving of the two-echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem. Production and Manufacturing Research, 2(1), 326-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/21693277.2014.910716
  34. Sluijk, N., Florio, A. M., Kinable, J., Dellaert, N., & Van Woensel, T. (2023). Two-echelon vehicle routing problems: A literature review. European Journal of Operational Research, (304), 865-886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2022.02.022
  35. SolverStudio (n.d.). Program download and install. https://solverstudio.org
  36. Soysal, M., Bloemhof-Ruwaard, J. M., & Bektaş, T. (2015). The time-dependent two-echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem with environmental considerations. International Journal of Production Economics, (164), 366-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.11.016
  37. Wang, D., & Zhou, H. (2021). A two-echelon electric vehicle routing problem with time windows and battery swapping stations. Applied Sciences, 11(22), 10779. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210779
  38. Wang, D., Zhou, H., & Feng, R. (2019). A two-echelon vehicle routing problem involving electric vehicles with time windows. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1324(1), 012071. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1324/1/012071
  39. Wang, K., Lan, S., & Zhao, Y. (2017). A genetic-algorithm-based approach to the two-echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem with stochastic demands in logistics service. Journal of the Operational Research Society, (68), 1409-1421. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41274-016-0170-7
  40. Wang, Y., Yuan, Y., Guan, X., Xu, M., Wang, L., Wang, H., & Liu, Y. (2020). Collaborative two-echelon multicenter vehicle routing optimization based on state–space–time network representation. Journal of Cleaner Production, (258), 120590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120590
  41. Wei, M., Guan, H., Liu, Y., Gao, B., & Zhang, C. (2020). Production, replenishment and inventory policies for perishable products in a two-echelon distribution network. Sustainability, 12(11), 4735. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114735
  42. Wu, Z., & Zhang, J. (2023). A branch-and-price algorithm for two-echelon electric vehicle routing problem. Complex and Intelligent Systems, 9(3), 2475-2490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00403-z
  43. Zhou, L., Baldacci, R., Vigo, D., & Wang, X. (2018). A multi-depot two-echelon vehicle routing problem with delivery options arising in the last mile distribution. European Journal of Operational Research, 265(2), 765-778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.08.011
  44. Zhou, S., Zhang, D., Ji, B., & Li, S. (2024). Two-echelon vehicle routing problem with direct deliveries and access time windows. Expert Systems with Applications, (244), 121150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121150