KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Sakarya University Journal of Science / 2026 / Volume: 30 Issue: 3

Eco-Friendly Chitosan-Based Composite for Superior Pb²⁺ Adsorption: Mechanism and Performance İnsights

Bayram Aygün(SIVAS CUMHURIYET UNIVERSITY)0009-0004-2896-4554
Zeynep Mine Şenol(SİVAS CUMHURİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-5250-1267
Sayfa
—
Yayın Tarihi
2026-06-29
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Overall, these findings demonstrate that Ch–A composite beads provide a scalable, environmentally sustainable, and regenerable adsorbent material suited for removing Pb²⁺ ions from contaminated water.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:The presence of Pb²⁺ ions in water systems poses severe environmental and public health hazards, highlighting the need for efficient and sustainable treatment technologies.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:After synthesis, the structural characteristics of the Ch–A beads were examined, and their adsorption performance toward Pb²⁺ ions was systematically evaluated under varying operational parameters.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Overall, these findings demonstrate that Ch–A composite beads provide a scalable, environmentally sustainable, and regenerable adsorbent material suited for removing Pb²⁺ ions from contaminated water.
🔬Tür:Research Article
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Chitosan · Alginate · Composite beads

Abstract

The presence of Pb²⁺ ions in water systems poses severe environmental and public health hazards, highlighting the need for efficient and sustainable treatment technologies. Among various remediation approaches, adsorption stands out due to its practicality and cost-effectiveness; however, selecting environmentally benign, highly efficient, and low-cost adsorbents remains a key challenge. In this work, composite beads of the biopolymers chitosan (Ch) and alginate (A) were synthesized to address this need. After synthesis, the structural characteristics of the Ch–A beads were examined, and their adsorption performance toward Pb²⁺ ions was systematically evaluated under varying operational parameters. The results indicated that the composite beads removed Pb²⁺ ions efficiently while maintaining structural stability. The adsorption mechanism was governed mainly by chemical interactions, and the composite achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 279 mg g⁻¹. Thermodynamic and kinetic analyses confirmed that adsorption occurred via endothermic and spontaneous processes and was controlled by multiple pathways, including pore and film diffusion. Overall, these findings demonstrate that Ch–A composite beads provide a scalable, environmentally sustainable, and regenerable adsorbent material suited for removing Pb²⁺ ions from contaminated water.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Aygün, B., Şenol, Z. M. (2026). Eco-Friendly Chitosan-Based Composite for Superior Pb²⁺ Adsorption: Mechanism and Performance İnsights. Sakarya University Journal of Science, Volume: 30 Issue: 3. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1839848

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (44)

  1. K. Raj and A. P. Das, “Lead pollution: Impact on environment and human health and approach for a sustainable solution,” Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol., vol. 5, pp. 79–85, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.enceco.2023.02.001.
  2. Poonam, S. K. Bharti, and N. Kumar, “Kinetic study of lead (Pb²⁺) removal from battery manufacturing wastewater using bagasse biochar as biosorbent,” Appl. Water Sci., vol. 8, no. 4, Art. no. 119, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s13201-018-0765-z.
  3. B. Jagetiya and S. Kumar, “Phytoremediation of lead: A review,” in Lead in Plants and the Environment, pp. 171–202, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-21638-2_10.
  4. R. R. N. Khalef, A. I. Hassan, and H. M. Saleh, “Heavy metal’s environmental impact,” in Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals. London, U.K.: IntechOpen, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.5772/intechopen.103907.
  5. I. R. Chowdhury, S. Chowdhury, M. A. J. Mazumder, and A. Al-Ahmed, “Removal of lead ions (Pb²⁺) from water and wastewater: A review on the low-cost adsorbents,” Appl. Water Sci., vol. 12, no. 8, Art. no. 185, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s13201-022-01703-6.
  6. Y. Sayato, “WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality,” Eisei Kagaku, vol. 35, 1989, doi: 10.1248/jhs1956.35.307.
  7. N. Abdullah, N. Yusof, W. J. Lau, J. Jaafar, and A. F. Ismail, “Recent trends of heavy metal removal from water/wastewater by membrane technologies,” J. Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 76, pp. 17–38, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.03.029.
  8. A. Azimi, A. Azari, M. Rezakazemi, and M. Ansarpour, “Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters: A review,” ChemBioEng Rev., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 37–59, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1002/cben.201600010.
  9. N. A. A. Qasem, R. H. Mohammed, and D. U. Lawal, “Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: A comprehensive and critical review,” npj Clean Water, vol. 4, no. 1, Art. no. 36, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41545-021-00127-0.
  10. A. Kumar, R. Indhur, A. G. Sheik, S. B. N. Krishna, S. Kumari, and F. Bux, “A review on conventional and novel adsorbents to boost the sorption capacity of heavy metals: Current status, challenges and future outlook,” Environ. Technol. Rev., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 521–543, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1080/21622515.2024.2377801.
  11. Q. Zia, M. Tabassum, H. Gong, and J. Li, “A review on chitosan for the removal of heavy metal ions,” J. Fiber Bioeng. Informatics, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 103–128, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.3993/JFBIM00301.
  12. X. Q. Liu, X. X. Zhao, Y. Liu, and T. Zhang, “Review on preparation and adsorption properties of chitosan and chitosan composites,” Polym. Bull., vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 2633–2665, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s00289-021-03626-9.
  13. S. Bairagi, S. Banerjee, D. M. Mulvihill, S. Ahmed, and S. W. Ali, “Extraction, structural properties, and applications of sodium alginate,” in Natural Gums: Extraction, Properties, and Applications, pp. 599–618, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-99468-2.00022-X.
  14. S. Liu, Y. Li, and L. Li, “Enhanced stability and mechanical strength of sodium alginate composite films,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 160, pp. 62–70, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.048.
  15. I. M. Savić Gajić, I. M. Savić, and Z. Svirčev, “Preparation and characterization of alginate hydrogels with high water-retaining capacity,” Polymers, vol. 15, no. 12, Art. no. 2592, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.3390/polym15122592.
  16. K. Sakugawa, A. Ikeda, A. Takemura, and H. Ono, “Simplified method for estimation of composition of alginates by FTIR,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 1372–1377, May 2004, doi: 10.1002/app.20589.
  17. A. Pawlak and M. Mucha, “Thermogravimetric and FTIR studies of chitosan blends,” Thermochim. Acta, vol. 396, no. 1–2, pp. 153–166, Dec. 2003, doi: 10.1016/S0040-6031(02)00523-3.
  18. X. Yang, T. Zhou, B. Ren, A. Hursthouse, and Y. Zhang, “Removal of Mn(II) by sodium alginate/graphene oxide composite double-network hydrogel beads from aqueous solutions,” Sci. Rep., vol. 8, no. 1, Art. no. 10717, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29133-y.
  19. Z. M. Şenol and H. Arslanoğlu, “Influential biosorption of lead ions from aqueous solution using sand leek (Allium scorodoprasum L.) biomass: Kinetic and isotherm study,” Biomass Convers. Biorefinery, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 8809–8819, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s13399-024-05539-9.
  20. D. Kovačević, A. Pohlmeier, G. Özbaş, H. D. Narres, and M. J. N. Kallay, “The adsorption of lead species on goethite,” Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., vol. 166, no. 1–3, pp. 225–233, Jun. 2000, doi: 10.1016/S0927-7757(99)00449-5.
  21. M. Mullet, P. Fievet, A. Szymczyk, A. Foissy, J.-C. Reggiani, and J. Pagetti, “A simple and accurate determination of the point of zero charge of ceramic membranes,” Desalination, vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 41–48, Jan. 1999, doi: 10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00006-5.
  22. I. Langmuir, “Adsorption of gases on glass, mica and platinum,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 1361–1403, 1918.
  23. H. Freundlich, “Über die Adsorption in Lösungen,” Z. Phys. Chem., vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 385–470, Jan. 1907, doi: 10.1515/zpch-1907-5723.
  24. Q. Hu and Z. Zhang, “Application of Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm model at the solid/solution interface: A theoretical analysis,” J. Mol. Liq., vol. 277, pp. 646–648, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.005.
  25. T. K. Naiya, P. Chowdhury, A. K. Bhattacharya, and S. K. Das, “Saw dust and neem bark as low-cost natural biosorbent for adsorptive removal of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 148, no. 1, pp. 68–79, May 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2008.08.002.
  26. E. Radha, T. Gomathi, P. N. Sudha, S. Latha, A. A. Ghfar, and N. Hossain, “Adsorption studies on removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions using chitosan derived copolymeric blend,” Biomass Convers. Biorefin., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1847–1862, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s13399-021-01918-8.
  27. L. Ton-That, T.-P.-T. Nguyen, B.-N. Duong, D.-K. Nguyen, N.-A. Nguyen, T. Ho, and V. P. Dinh, “Insights into Pb(II) adsorption mechanisms using jackfruit peel biochar activated by a hydrothermal method toward heavy metal removal from wastewater,” Biochem. Eng. J., vol. 212, Art. no. 109525, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2024.109525.
  28. B. Chen, H. Zhao, S. Chen, F. Long, B. Huang, B. Yang, and X. Pan, “A magnetically recyclable chitosan composite adsorbent functionalized with EDTA for simultaneous capture of anionic dye and heavy metals in complex wastewater,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 356, pp. 69–80, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.08.222.
  29. Y. Huang, Y. Shen, G. Zhang, P. Lu, Z. Wu, R. Tang, J. Liu, X. Wu, C. Wang, and H. Zheng, “Highly effective and selective removal of lead ions by polymer-grafted silica-coated acid-resistant magnetic chitosan composites,” Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 314, Art. no. 123561, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123561.
  30. R. El Kaim Billah, M. A. Islam, M. Agunaou, and A. Soufiane, “A promising chitosan/fluorapatite composite for efficient removal of lead(II) from an aqueous solution,” Arab. J. Geosci., vol. 14, no. 12, Art. no. 1134, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12517-021-07473-w.
  31. E. Cheraghipour and M. Pakshir, “Process optimization and modeling of Pb(II) ions adsorption on chitosan-conjugated magnetite nano-biocomposite using response surface methodology,” Chemosphere, vol. 260, Art. no. 127560, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127560.
  32. W. Shenjin, L. Xiaoxi, Z. Chenyang, H. Wenjihao, L. Yaochi, F. Xinzhuang, Y. Jun, and S. Wei, “Adsorption and selective mechanism of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ on the surface of calcined modified attapulgite,” Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 353, Art. no. 128377, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2024.128377.
  33. Q. Fu, J. Hu, and S. Zhou, “Adsorption properties of graphene oxide@sodium alginate composite for Pb(II),” J. Iran. Chem. Soc., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 399–407, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s13738-023-02932-5.
  34. Y. Fang, L. Yang, F. Rao, Y. Zheng, and Z. Song, “Adsorption behavior and mechanism of MB, Pb(II) and Cu(II) on porous geopolymers,” Ceram. Int., vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 11455–11466, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.12.564.
  35. Y. Du, Y. Xu, J. Hou, X. Li, J. Yang, J. Yang, S. Shan, C. Wang, and H. Su, “Robust fabrication of pyrogallol-conjugated dextran hydrogel as antioxidant hemo-adsorbent for the selective adsorption of Pb(II),” Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 363, Art. no. 132098, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.132098.
  36. S. A. Jasim, K. Hachem, W. K. Abdelbasset, G. Yasin, W. Suksatan, and C. Chen, “Efficient removal of Pb(II) using modified chitosan Schiff base@Fe/NiFe,” Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 204, pp. 644–651, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.151.
  37. E. Khanniri, M. Yousefi, A. M. Mortazavian, N. Khorshidian, S. Sohrabvandi, M. Arab, and M. R. Koushki, “Effective removal of lead(II) using chitosan and microbial adsorbents: Response surface methodology (RSM),” Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 178, pp. 53–62, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.065.
  38. H. Majiya, F. Clegg, and C. Sammon, “Bentonite-chitosan composites or beads for lead (Pb) adsorption: Design, preparation, and characterisation,” Appl. Clay Sci., vol. 246, Art. no. 107180, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2023.107180.
  39. A. A. Alghamdi, A. B. Al-Odayni, W. S. Saeed, A. Al-Kahtani, F. A. Alharthi, and T. Aouak, “Efficient adsorption of lead(II) from aqueous phase solutions using polypyrrole-based activated carbon,” Materials, vol. 12, no. 12, Art. no. 2020, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.3390/ma12122020.
  40. D. T. Nguyen, T. K. Hoang, T. D. Tran, M. H. Nguyen, K. T. Trinh, D. A. Khuong, T. Tsubota, and T. D. Pham, “Adsorption characteristics of individual and binary mixture of ciprofloxacin antibiotic and lead(II) on synthesized bamboo-biochar,” Environ. Res., vol. 273, Art. no. 121225, May 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.121225.
  41. Y. S. Ho and G. McKay, “Kinetic models for the sorption of dye from aqueous solution by wood,” Process Saf. Environ. Prot., vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 183–191, May 1998, doi: 10.1205/095758298529326.
  42. Y. S. Ho and G. McKay, “Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes,” Process Biochem., vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 451–465, Jul. 1999, doi: 10.1016/S0032-9592(98)00112-5.
  43. F. C. Wu, R. L. Tseng, and R. S. Juang, “Initial behavior of intraparticle diffusion model used in the description of adsorption kinetics,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 153, no. 1–3, pp. 1–8, Nov. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2009.04.042.
  44. E. C. Lima, A. Hosseini-Bandegharaei, J. C. Moreno-Piraján, and I. Anastopoulos, “Critical review of the estimation of the thermodynamic parameters on adsorption equilibria: Wrong use of equilibrium constant in the Van’t Hoff equation for calculation of thermodynamic parameters of adsorption,” J. Mol. Liq., vol. 273, pp. 425–434, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.048.