KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences / 2026 / Volume: 17 Issue: 2

Mindfulness, Spirituality, and Awe as Predictors of Psychological Well-Being in Camping Experiences

Halime Dinç(AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-2391-5508
Sayfa
—
Yayın Tarihi
2026-08-25
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

These findings extend the literature on mindfulness, spirituality, awe, and psychological well-being to the underexplored context of camping experiences and offer practical implications for enhancing individual well-being and for informing the design of nature-based recreational environments.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Research on the effects of recreational experiences on individuals’ mindfulness, spirituality, awe, and psychological well-being has increased substantially in recent years.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Data were collected from 301 individuals with prior camping experience using convenience and snowball sampling methods.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:These findings extend the literature on mindfulness, spirituality, awe, and psychological well-being to the underexplored context of camping experiences and offer practical implications for enhancing individual well-being and for informing the design of nature-based recreational environments.
🔬Tür:Modelleme & Sayısal Simülasyon
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Awe · Mindfulness · Psychological Well-Being

Abstract

Research on the effects of recreational experiences on individuals’ mindfulness, spirituality, awe, and psychological well-being has increased substantially in recent years. However, empirical studies examining the relationships among these constructs remain limited, particularly within the context of nature-based camping experiences. Accordingly, the primary purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of mindfulness, spirituality, and awe on the psychological well-being of individuals who engage in camping activities in natural settings. The secondary aim is to examine the mediating roles of spirituality and awe in the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being within the camping context. Data were collected from 301 individuals with prior camping experience using convenience and snowball sampling methods. Established and psychometrically validated scales measuring mindfulness, spirituality, awe, and psychological well-being were adapted for the camping-experience context. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the measurement model, and the results indicated satisfactory model fit, as well as adequate validity and reliability. Following the CFA, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed research model and hypothesized relationships. The results showed that five of the six direct hypotheses were supported. In addition, mediation analyses demonstrated that spirituality and awe mediated the relationships between mindfulness and psychological well-being, and between spirituality and psychological well-being. These findings extend the literature on mindfulness, spirituality, awe, and psychological well-being to the underexplored context of camping experiences and offer practical implications for enhancing individual well-being and for informing the design of nature-based recreational environments.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Dinç, H. (2026). Mindfulness, Spirituality, and Awe as Predictors of Psychological Well-Being in Camping Experiences. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, Volume: 17 Issue: 2. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1858653

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (44)

  1. Barnby, J. M., Bailey, N. W., Chambers, R., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2015). How similar are the changes in neural activity resulting from mindfulness practice in contrast to spiritual practice? Consciousness and Cognition, 36, 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.07.002
  2. Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L. M., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010). A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments. BMC Public Health, 10, 456. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-456
  3. Büssing, A. (2021). Wondering awe as a perceptive aspect of spirituality and its relation to indicators of wellbeing: Frequency of perception and underlying triggers. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 738770. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.738770
  4. Büssing, A., Recchia, D. R., & Ortiz, M. (2024). Validierung eines Fragebogeninstrumentes zur Erfassung des Erlebens von Natur: Die Experience of Nature Scale. Complementary Medicine Research, 31(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1159/000538807
  5. Büssing, A., Wilhelm, J., & Rodrigues Recchia, D. (2025). Wondering awe is the mediator of the link between experience of nature and psychological wellbeing—Relevance for public health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(11), 1679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111679
  6. Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  7. Capaldi, C. A., Passmore, H.-A., Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., & Dopko, R. L. (2015). Flourishing in nature: A review of the benefits of connecting with nature and its application as a wellbeing intervention. International Journal of Wellbeing, 5(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v5i4.449
  8. Carmody, J., Reed, G., Kristeller, J., & Merriam, P. (2008). Mindfulness, spirituality, and health-related symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(4), 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.06.015
  9. Cloninger, C. R. (2007). Spirituality and the science of feeling good. Southern Medical Journal, 100(7), 740–743. https://doi.org/10.1097/SMJ.0b013e318070d177
  10. Dai, Y., & Jiang, T. (2024). Inspired by awe: Awe promotes inspiration via self-transcendence. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 19(7), 729–743. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2023.2254737
  11. Fan, Y., & Luo, J. M. (2022). Impact of generativity on museum visitors' engagement, experience, and psychological well-being. Tourism Management Perspectives, 42, Article 100958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100958
  12. Ferguson, T. W., & Tamburello, J. A. (2015). The natural environment as a spiritual resource: A theory of regional variation in religious adherence. Sociology of Religion, 76(3), 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srv029
  13. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  14. Greeson, J. M., Webber, D. M., Smoski, M. J., Brantley, J. G., Ekblad, A. G., Suarez, E. C., & Wolever, R. Q. (2011). Changes in spirituality partly explain health-related quality of life outcomes after mindfulness-based stress reduction. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 34(6), 508–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9332-x
  15. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed., Global ed.). Pearson.
  16. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Thiele, K. O. (2017). Mirror, mirror on the wall: A comparative evaluation of composite-based structural equation modeling methods. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 45(5), 616–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-017-0517-x Hermawan, B. (2017). Evaluation of the spirituality of tourist destination of Buddhist spiritual tourist destination: An application of many-facet Rasch model (MFRM). Journal of Buddhist Education and Research, 3(1), 62–69.
  17. Hicks, J. (2018). Exploring the relationship between awe and leisure: A conceptual argument. Journal of Leisure Research, 49(3–5), 258–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2018.1535868
  18. Jiang, T., & Sedikides, C. (2022). Awe motivates authentic-self pursuit via self-transcendence: Implications for prosociality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123(3), 576–596. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000381
  19. Jiang, T., Hicks, J. A., Yuan, W., Yin, Y., Needy, L., & Vess, M. (2024). The unique nature and psychosocial implications of awe. Nature Reviews Psychology, 3(7), 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-024-00322-z
  20. Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (2003). Approaching awe, a moral, spiritual, and aesthetic emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 17(2), 297–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930302297 Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. R. B., & McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510385467
  21. Kirwin, M., Harper, N. J., Young, T., & Itzvan, I. (2019). Mindful adventures: A pilot study of the Outward Bound mindfulness program. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 22(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42322-019-00031-9
  22. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
  23. Lazaridou, A., & Pentaris, P. (2016). Mindfulness and spirituality: Therapeutic perspectives. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 15(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2016.1180634
  24. Little, D. E., & Schmidt, C. (2006). Self, wonder and God! The spiritual dimensions of travel experiences. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 54(2), 107–116.
  25. Liu, J., Huo, Y., Wang, J., Bai, Y., Zhao, M., & Di, M. (2023). Awe of nature and well-being: Roles of nature connectedness and powerlessness. Personality and Individual Differences, 201, Article 111946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111946
  26. Lykins, E. L. B. (2014). Mindfulness, consciousness, spirituality, and well-being. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Religion and spirituality across cultures (pp. 203–225). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8950-9_11
  27. Maller, C., Townsend, M., Pryor, A., Brown, P., & St Leger, L. (2006). Healthy nature healthy people: “Contact with nature” as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations. Health Promotion International, 21(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dai032
  28. Monroy, M., & Keltner, D. (2023). Awe as a pathway to mental and physical health. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 18(2), 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916221094856
  29. Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., & Grandpierre, Z. (2019). Mindfulness in nature enhances connectedness and mood. Ecopsychology, 11(2), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2018.0061
  30. Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M., & Keltner, D. (2015). Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(6), 883–899. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000018
  31. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  32. Powell, R. B., Brownlee, M. T., Kellert, S. R., & Ham, S. H. (2012). From awe to satisfaction: Immediate affective responses to the Antarctic tourism experience. Polar Record, 48(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247410000720
  33. Swinton, J., & Pattison, S. (2010). Moving beyond clarity: Towards a thin, vague, and useful understanding of spirituality in nursing care. Nursing Philosophy, 11(4), 226–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-769X.2010.00450.x
  34. Temme, L. J., & Kopak, A. M. (2016). Maximizing recovery through the promotion of mindfulness and spirituality. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 35(1–2), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2016.1144602
  35. Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J., & Depledge, M. H. (2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(5), 1761–1772. https://doi.org/10.1021/es102947t
  36. Tsaur, S. H., Yen, C. H., & Wang, J. T. (2024). Mindfulness and the psychological well-being of mountain tourists: Sequential mediating effects of spirituality and awe. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 60, 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2024.06.013
  37. Wang, L., & Lyu, J. (2019). Inspiring awe through tourism and its consequence. Annals of Tourism Research, 77, 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.05.005
  38. White, M. P., Pahl, S., Ashbullby, K., Herbert, S., & Depledge, M. H. (2013). Feelings of restoration from recent nature visits. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 35, 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.04.002
  39. Wilson, E. O. (1984). Biophilia. Harvard University Press.
  40. Wolsko, C., & Lindberg, K. (2013). Experiencing connection with nature: The matrix of psychological well-being, mindfulness, and outdoor recreation. Ecopsychology, 5(2), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2013.0008
  41. Ying, T., Tan, X., Ye, S., Ka, X., & Zhou, Y. (2020). Examining tourist mindfulness in museums: the roles of familiarity and motivation. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(9), 981-996. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1819835
  42. Young, T. (2016). Additional mechanisms of mindfulness: How does mindfulness increase well-being. In I. Ivtzan & T. Lomas (Eds.), Mindfulness in positive psychology: The science of meditation and wellbeing (pp. 156–172). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315747210-12
  43. Zhao, H., Zhang, H., Xu, Y., He, W., & Lu, J. (2019). Why are people high in dispositional awe happier? The roles of meaning in life and materialism. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01208
  44. Zhou, M., Luo, Y., Xu, Z., Zhang, R., & Liu, X. (2025). Nature exposure and subjective wellbeing: The mediating roles of connectedness to nature and awe. Sustainability, 17(12), 5406. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125406