Dergiler / Klinik ve Ruh Sağlığı Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Yatma Zamanı Erteleme ve İntikam Amaçlı Yatma Zamanı Erteleme: Güncel Bir Gözden Geçirme

Bedtime Procrastination and Revenge Bedtime Procrastination: A Current Review

İlker Kaba(BİLKENT ERZURUM LABORATUVAR OKULU)0000-0002-2893-074X
Sayfa
48–67
Yayın Tarihi
2026-06-29
DOI
—
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Araştırmalar, bu davranışın uyku süresini ve kalitesini düşürdüğünü, gün içi yorgunluğu ve duygusal rahatsızlığı artırdığını, akademik ve mesleki işlevselliği olumsuz etkilediğini göstermektedir.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Son yıllarda yatma zamanı erteleme davranışı, yalnızca basit bir uyku sorunu olarak değil; ruhsal, davranışsal ve bağlamsal süreçlerle ilişkili çok boyutlu bir olgu olarak ele alınmaktadır.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Araştırmalar, bu davranışın uyku süresini ve kalitesini düşürdüğünü, gün içi yorgunluğu ve duygusal rahatsızlığı artırdığını, akademik ve mesleki işlevselliği olumsuz etkilediğini göstermektedir.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Bulgular, psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik ve önleyici ruh sağlığı uygulamalarında bu kavramın önemli bir değerlendirme alanı sunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
🔬Tür:Derleme
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Uyku · Yatma Zamanı Erteleme · İntikam Amaçlı Uykuyu Erteleme

Özet

Son yıllarda yatma zamanı erteleme davranışı, yalnızca basit bir uyku sorunu olarak değil; ruhsal, davranışsal ve bağlamsal süreçlerle ilişkili çok boyutlu bir olgu olarak ele alınmaktadır. Araştırmalar, bu davranışın uyku süresini ve kalitesini düşürdüğünü, gün içi yorgunluğu ve duygusal rahatsızlığı artırdığını, akademik ve mesleki işlevselliği olumsuz etkilediğini göstermektedir. Yatma zamanı ertelemenin; depresif belirtiler, yalnızlık, ruminasyon, düşük öz denetim, kaygı ve yoğun dijital medya kullanımı ile ilişkili olduğu bildirilmektedir. Özellikle akıllı telefon kullanımı ve ekran maruziyetinin bu davranışı besleyen önemli etmenler arasında yer aldığı vurgulanmaktadır. Güncel çalışmalar, yatma zamanı ertelemenin temel belirleyicilerinden birinin öz denetim kapasitesi olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Gün içinde öz denetim kaynaklarının tükenmesi, bireylerin planladıkları uyku saatine uyamamalarıyla ilişkili bulunmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra, bireylerin “kendine ait zaman” ihtiyacını karşılayamamasının bu davranışın bilinçli biçimde sürdürülmesiyle ilişkili olduğu belirtilmektedir. Bu bağlamda “yatma zamanı erteleme” ve “intikam amaçlı yatma zamanı erteleme” kavramları, temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların karşılanmasına yönelik bir telafi stratejisi olarak yorumlanmaktadır. Özellikle gün içinde, iş yaşamında veya akademik bağlamda yoğun ve uzun süreli çalışan bireylerde bu davranışın daha sık görüldüğü bildirilmektedir. Türkiye’de bu kavramlarla ilgili doğrudan çalışmalar sınırlı olmakla birlikte, teknoloji kullanımı, ruh sağlığı değişkenleri ve uyku alışkanlıkları arasındaki ilişkileri inceleyen araştırmalar, yatma zamanı ertelemenin kültürel bağlamda da anlamlı bir çerçeve sunduğunu düşündürmektedir. Bu gözden geçirme çalışması, yatma zamanı ertelemenin yalnızca bireysel bir uyku disiplini sorunu olarak değil; teknoloji bağımlılığı, öz denetim, psikolojik ihtiyaçlar, yaşam tarzı ve sosyokültürel etmenlerle ilişkili bir davranış olarak ele alınması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Bulgular, psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik ve önleyici ruh sağlığı uygulamalarında bu kavramın önemli bir değerlendirme alanı sunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Abstract

In recent years, the behaviour of bedtime procrastination has been approached not merely as a simple sleep problem, but as a multidimensional phenomenon associated with psychological, behavioural, and contextual processes. Research indicates that this behaviour reduces sleep duration and quality, increases daytime fatigue and emotional distress, and negatively impacts academic and occupational functioning. Bedtime procrastination has been reported to be associated with depressive symptoms, loneliness, rumination, low self-control, anxiety, and heavy digital media use. In particular, smartphone use and screen exposure are highlighted as important factors that fuel this behaviour. Recent studies reveal that self-control capacity is one of the key determinants of sleep delay. Depletion of self-control resources during the day can prevent individuals from adhering to their planned bedtime. Additionally, individuals' inability to meet their need for ‘me time’ may lead to the conscious perpetuation of this behaviour. In this context, the concepts of ‘bedtime procrastination’ and ‘revenge bedtime procrastination’ are interpreted as a compensatory strategy aimed at meeting basic psychological needs. It has been reported that this behaviour is more common among individuals who work intensively and for long hours during the day, particularly in a professional or academic context. Although direct studies in Turkey are limited, research examining the relationships between technology use, mental health variables, and sleep habits suggests that bedtime procrastination also provides a meaningful framework in a cultural context. This review study demonstrates that delaying bedtime should be considered not merely as an individual sleep discipline issue, but as a behaviour related to technology addiction, self-control, psychological needs, lifestyle, and sociocultural factors. The findings reveal that this concept presents an important area of assessment in preventive mental health practices involving psychological counselling and guidance.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Kaba, İ. (2026). Yatma Zamanı Erteleme ve İntikam Amaçlı Yatma Zamanı Erteleme: Güncel Bir Gözden Geçirme. Klinik ve Ruh Sağlığı Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 48–67. https://ajindex.com/articles/1619448

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (116)

  1. Abdoli, N., Bahmani, D. S., Farnia, V., Alikhani, M., Golshani, S., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2018). Among substance-abusing traffic offenders, poor sleep and poor general health predict lower driving skills but not slower reaction times. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 11, 557-566. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S173946
  2. Akerstedt, T. (2000). Consensus statement: fatigue and accidents in transport operations. Journal of Sleep Research, 9(4), 395.
  3. Baker, F. C., & Driver, H. S. (2007). Circadian rhythms, sleep, and the menstrual cycle. Sleep Medicine, 8(6), 613- 622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2006.09.011
  4. Basch, C. E., Basch, C. H., Ruggles, K. V., & Rajan, S. (2014). Prevalence of sleep duration on an average school night among 4 nationally representative successive samples of American high school students, 2007–2013. Preventing Chronic Disease, 11(E216), 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd11.140383
  5. Baum, K. T., Desai, A., Field, J., Miller, L. E., Rausch, J., & Beebe, D. W. (2014). Sleep restriction worsens mood and emotion regulation in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(2), 180-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12125
  6. Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Yielding to temptation: self-control failure, impulsive purchasing, and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(4), 670-676. https://doi.org/10.1086/338209
  7. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1997). Writing narrative literature reviews. Review of General Psychology, 1(3), 311- 320. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.3.311
  8. BBC. (2020). The Psychology Behind 'Revenge Bedtime Procrastination'. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime- procrastination adresinden erişildi.
  9. Binks, H., E. Vincent, G., Gupta, C., Irwin, C., & Khalesi, S. (2020). Effects of diet on sleep: a narrative review. Nutrients, 12(4), 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040936
  10. Bliwise, D. L. (2004). Sleep disorders in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Clinical Cornerstone, 6(1), 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3597(04)90014-2
  11. Buxton, O. M., & Marcelli, E. (2010). Short and long sleep are positively associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 71(5), 1027-1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.041
  12. Cain, N., & Gradisar, M. (2010). Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: A review. Sleep Medicine, 11(8), 735-742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.006
  13. Carlson, S. E., Baron, K. G., Johnson, K. T., & Williams, P. G. (2023). The thief of (bed) time: Examination of the daily associations between bedtime procrastination and multidimensional sleep health. Sleep Health, 9(6), 903-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2023.08.002
  14. Chen, M. C., Burley, H. W., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012). Reduced sleep quality in healthy girls at risk for depression. Journal of Sleep Research, 21(1), 68-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00934.x
  15. Chung, S. J., An, H., & Suh, S. (2020). What do people do before going to bed? A study of bedtime procrastination using time use surveys. Sleep, 43(4), zsz267. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz267
  16. Colrain, I. M., & Baker, F. C. (2011). Changes in sleep as a function of adolescent development. Neuropsychology Review, 21(1), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-010-9155-5
  17. Connor, J., Norton, R., Ameratunga, S., Robinson, E., Civil, I., Dunn, R.,. & Jackson, R. (2002). Driver sleepiness and risk of serious injury to car occupants: population based case control study. Bmj, 324, 1125-1129. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7346.1125
  18. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology, 49(3), 182-185.
  19. Deng, M., & Li, Z. (2025). The relationship between mobile phone addiction, bedtime procrastination, and campus-based physical activity: a longitudinal follow-up study based on a college student population. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1690574. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1690574
  20. Duncan, M. J., Oftedal, S., Rebar, A. L., Murawski, B., Short, C. E., Rayward, A. T., & Vandelanotte, C. (2020). Patterns of physical activity, sitting time, and sleep in Australian adults: A latent class analysis. Sleep Health, 6(6), 828-834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2020.04.006
  21. Eller, T., Aluoja, A., Vasar, V., & Veldi, M. (2006). Symptoms of anxiety and depression in Estonian medical students with sleep problems. Depression and Anxiety, 23(4), 250-256. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20166
  22. Exelmans, L., & Van den Bulck, J. (2021). “Glued to the tube”: the interplay between self-control, evening television viewing, and bedtime procrastination. Communication Research, 48(4), 594-616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650216686877
  23. Ferrari, R. (2015). Writing narrative style literature reviews. Medical Writing, 24(4), 230-235. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047480615Z.000000000329
  24. Ferrari, J. R., & Emmons, R. A. (1995). Methods of procrastination and their relation to self-control and self- reinforcement: An exploratory study. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 10(1), 135-142.
  25. Ferrari, J. R., O'Callaghan, J., & Newbegin, I. (2005). Prevalence of procrastination in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia: arousal and avoidance delays among adults. North American Journal of Psychology, 7(1), 1-6.
  26. Garaulet, M., Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Rey-López, J. P., Béghin, L., Manios, Y.,. & Moreno, L. A. (2011). Short sleep duration is associated with increased obesity markers in European adolescents: effect of physical activity and dietary habits. The HELENA study. International Journal of Obesity, 35(10), 1308-1317. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2011.149
  27. Geng, Y., Gu, J., Wang, J., & Zhang, R. (2021). Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrastination and self-control. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 415-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062
  28. Gershuny, J. (2013). National utility: Measuring the enjoyment of activities. European Sociological Review, 29(5), 996- 1009. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcs077
  29. Gökben-Hızlı, F., & Ağargün, M. Y. (2009). Gecikmiş uyku fazı tipi uyku bozukluğu ve kronoterapi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(2), 183-187.
  30. Gradisar, M., Wolfson, A. R., Harvey, A. G., Hale, L., Rosenberg, R., & Czeisler, C. A. (2013). The sleep and technology use of Americans: findings from the National Sleep Foundation's 2011 Sleep in America poll. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 9(12), 1291-1299. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.3272
  31. Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 26(2), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471- 1842.2009.00848.x Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5(3), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899- 3467(07)60142-6
  32. Gupta, C. C., Vincent, G. E., Coates, A. M., Khalesi, S., Irwin, C., Dorrian, J., & Ferguson, S. A. (2022). A time to rest, a time to dine: sleep, time-restricted eating, and cardiometabolic health. Nutrients, 14(3), 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030420
  33. Gupta, N. K., Mueller, W. H., Chan, W., & Meininger, J. C. (2002). Is obesity associated with poor sleep quality in adolescents?. American Journal of Human Biology, 14(6), 762-768. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.10093
  34. Hall, S. J., Ferguson, S. A., Turner, A. I., Robertson, S. J., Vincent, G. E., & Aisbett, B. (2017). The effect of working on-call on stress physiology and sleep: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 33, 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.06.001
  35. Herzog-Krzywoszanska, R., & Krzywoszanski, L. (2019a). Bedtime procrastination, sleep-related behaviors, and demographic factors in an online survey on a Polish sample. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13(963), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00963
  36. Herzog–Krzywoszanska, R., & Krzywoszanski, L. (2019b). Sleep disorders in Huntington’s disease. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 221. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00221
  37. Herzog-Krzywoszanska, R., Krzywoszanski, L., & Jewula, B. (2023). It’s time for bed! General procrastination and bedtime procrastination as serial mediators of the relationship between temporal perspective and sleep outcomes. Research Square, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3232243/v1
  38. Hill, V. M., Rebar, A. L., Ferguson, S. A., Shriane, A. E., & Vincent, G. E. (2022). Go to bed! A systematic review and meta-analysis of bedtime procrastination correlates and sleep outcomes. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 66, 101697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101697
  39. Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L.,. & Ware, J. C. (2015). National Sleep Foundation’s updated sleep duration recommendations. Sleep Health, 1(4), 233-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004
  40. Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Wiers, R. W. (2008). Impulsive versus reflective influences on health behavior: A theoretical framework and empirical review. Health Psychology Review, 2(2), 111-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437190802617668
  41. Horne, J. A., & Ostberg, O. (1976). A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. International Journal of Chronobiology, 4(2), 97-110.
  42. Huber, R., & Born, J. (2014). Sleep, synaptic connectivity, and hippocampal memory during early development. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(3), 141-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.005
  43. Iglowstein, I., Jenni, O. G., Molinari, L., & Largo, R. H. (2003). Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: reference values and generational trends. Pediatrics, 111(2), 302-307. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.2.302 InMIND. (2024). Bedtime Procrastination: I Know I Should Go To Bed But. https://www.in- mind.org/blog/post/bedtime-procrastination-i-know-i-should-go-to-bed-but? adresinden erişildi.
  44. Irish, L. A., Kline, C. E., Gunn, H. E., Buysse, D. J., & Hall, M. H. (2015). The role of sleep hygiene in promoting public health: A review of empirical evidence. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 22, 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.10.001
  45. Itani, O., Jike, M., Watanabe, N., & Kaneita, Y. (2017). Short sleep duration and health outcomes: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Sleep Medicine, 32, 246-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.08.006
  46. Kaba, İ. (2019). Stres, ruh sağlığı ve stres yönetimi: Güncel bir gözden geçirme. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (73), 63-81.
  47. Kaba, İ. (2023). The research on the relationship between adolescents' use of information technologies and their psychological needs in terms of Self-Determination Theory. Humanistic Perspective, 5(3), 1258-1289. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1353033
  48. Kadzikowska-Wrzosek, R. (2018). Self-regulation and bedtime procrastination: The role of self-regulation skills and chronotype. Personality and Individual Differences, 128, 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.015
  49. Kahn-Greene, E. T., Killgore, D. B., Kamimori, G. H., Balkin, T. J., & Killgore, W. D. (2007). The effects of sleep deprivation on symptoms of psychopathology in healthy adults. Sleep Medicine, 8(3), 215-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2006.08.007
  50. Kamphorst, B. A., Nauts, S., De Ridder, D. T., & Anderson, J. H. (2018). Too depleted to turn in: The relevance of end-of-the-day resource depletion for reducing bedtime procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 252. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00252
  51. Karakoç, B. (2009). Uyku kalitesi üzerine bir çalışma: Özel Dal Hastanesi sağlık çalışanları örneği [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi.
  52. Keleş, G. (2023). The relationship between mindfulness and sleep quality: The mediating role of smartphone addiction and bedtime procrastination [Unpublished master's thesis]. Yeditepe University.
  53. Khou, M. A., Sahrani, R., & Marella, B. (2024). Gambaran revenge bedtime procrastination pada mahasiswa. Provitae: Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan, 17(1), 39-51.
  54. Kıraç, R., Söyler, S., Yılmaz, G., & Uyar, S. (2021). Effect of the anxiety to catch coronavirus (COVID-19) on bedtime procrastination. Cukurova Medical Journal, 46(2), 495-507. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.850205
  55. Kiper, S., & Sunal, N. (2009). Romatoid artritli hastalarda uyku kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi, 10(1), 33-39.
  56. Kroese, F. M., De Ridder, D. T., Evers, C., & Adriaanse, M. A. (2014). Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 56(11), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00611
  57. Kroese, F. M., Evers, C., Adriaanse, M. A., & de Ridder, D. T. (2016a). Bedtime procrastination: a self-regulation perspective on sleep insufficiency in the general population. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(5), 853-862. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314540014
  58. Kroese, F. M., Nauts, S., Kamphorst, B. A., Anderson, J. H., & de Ridder, D. T. (2016b). Bedtime procrastination: a behavioral perspective on sleep insufficiency. Procrastination, health, and well-being (pp. 93-119). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press.
  59. Krueger, P. M., & Friedman, E. M. (2009). Sleep duration in the United States: a cross-sectional population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169(9), 1052-1063. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp023
  60. Kühnel, J., Bledow, R., & Feuerhahn, N. (2016). When do you procrastinate? Sleep quality and social sleep lag jointly predict self‐regulatory failure at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(7), 983-1002. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2084
  61. Kühnel, J., Syrek, C. J., & Dreher, A. (2018). Why don’t you go to bed on time? A daily diary study on the relationships between chronotype, self-control resources and the phenomenon of bedtime procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(77), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00077
  62. Lao, X. Q., Liu, X., Deng, H. B., Chan, T. C., Ho, K. F., Wang, F.,. & Yeoh, E. K. (2018). Sleep quality, sleep duration, and the risk of coronary heart disease: a prospective cohort study with 60,586 adults. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 14(1), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6894
  63. Liu, N., Wang, J., & Zang, W. (2024). The impact of sleep determination on procrastination before bedtime: the role of anxiety. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 26(5). https://doi.org/10.32604/ijmhp.2024.047808 Yatma Zamanı Erteleme ve İntikam Amaçlı Yatma Zamanı Erteleme: Kaba (2026), 6(1) Güncel Bir Gözden Geçirme Klinik ve Ruh Sağlığı Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi
  64. Lofthouse, N., Gilchrist, R., & Splaingard, M. (2009). Mood-related sleep problems in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 18(4), 893-916.
  65. Lucassen, E. A., Zhao, X., Rother, K. I., Mattingly, M. S., Courville, A. B., De Jonge, L.,. & Sleep Extension Study Group. (2013). Evening chronotype is associated with changes in eating behavior, more sleep apnea, and increased stress hormones in short sleeping obese individuals. PloS One, 8(3), e56519. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056519
  66. LSE. (2024). Student Struggles: Battling with Procrastination. https://info.lse.ac.uk/current- students/Assets/Articles/procrastination adresinden erişildi.
  67. Mann, T., de Ridder, D., & Fujita, K. (2013). Self-regulation of health behavior: Social psychological approaches to goal setting and goal striving. Health Psychology, 32(5), 487–498. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028533
  68. Metse, A. P., Clinton-McHarg, T., Skinner, E., Yogaraj, Y., Colyvas, K., & Bowman, J. (2021). Associations between suboptimal sleep and smoking, poor nutrition, harmful alcohol consumption and inadequate physical activity (‘snap risks’): a comparison of people with and without a mental health condition in an australian community survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115946
  69. Ming, X., Koransky, R., Kang, V., Buchman, S., Sarris, C. E., & Wagner, G. C. (2011). Sleep insufficiency, sleep health problems and performance in high school students. Clinical Medicine Insights: Circulatory, Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine, 5, 71-79. https://doi.org/10.4137/CCRPM.S7955
  70. Mong, J. A., & Cusmano, D. M. (2016). Sex differences in sleep: impact of biological sex and sex steroids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1688), 20150110. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0110
  71. Moreno, C. R., Marqueze, E. C., Sargent, C., Wright Jr, K. P., Ferguson, S. A., & Tucker, P. (2019). Working time society consensus statements: Evidence-based effects of shift work on physical and mental health. Industrial Health, 57(2), 139-157. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.SW-1
  72. Musiek, E. S., Xiong, D. D., & Holtzman, D. M. (2015). Sleep, circadian rhythms, and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 47(e148), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.2014.121
  73. Müller, L. (2023). Revenge bedtime procrastination–a compromise for satisfying frustrated needs? [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. University of Groningen.
  74. Nauts, S., Kamphorst, B. A., Stut, W., De Ridder, D. T., & Anderson, J. H. (2019). The explanations people give for going to bed late: a qualitative study of the varieties of bedtime procrastination. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 17(6), 753-762. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2018.1491850
  75. Nauts, S., Kamphorst, B. A., Sutu, A. E., Poortvliet, R., & Anderson, J. H. (2016). Aversive bedtime routines as a precursor to bedtime procrastination. The European Health Psychologist, 18(2), 80-85.
  76. O’Brien, W. K. (2002). Applying the transtheoretical model to academic procrastination [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. University of Houston.
  77. Odabaşıoğlu, M. E., Dedeoğlu, T., Kasırga, Z., & Sünbül, F. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinde uyku hijyeni. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(4), 204-212.
  78. Okay, D., Türkarslan, K. K., Çevrim, M., & Bozo, Ö. (2022). Uyku seninle uğraşamam, yaşayacak çok vaktim kalmadı: uykuyu ertelemek gelecek zaman algısıyla ilişkili mi?. Turkish Journal of Sleep Medicine, 9(1),57-63. https://doi.org/10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2021.24119
  79. Owens, J., Adolescent Sleep Working Group, Committee on Adolescence, Au, R., Carskadon, M., Millman, R.,. & O’Brien, R. F. (2014). Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: an update on causes and consequences. Pediatrics, 134(3), e921-e932. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1696
  80. Owens, J. A. (2005). The ADHD and sleep conundrum: a review. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 26(4), 312-322.
  81. Özcan, N. (2007). Uyku ve uyku sorunu olan hastanın bakımı. F. Akça Ay (Edit.), Temel hemşirelik kavramlar, ilkeler, uygulamalar, (ss. 410-420), İstanbul, İstanbul Tıp Kitabevi.
  82. Öztürk O. (2002). Ruh sağlığı bozuklukları (9. bs.). Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  83. Philip, P., Sagaspe, P., Taillard, J., Moore, N., Guilleminault, C., Sanchez-Ortuno, M.,. & Bioulac, B. (2003). Fatigue, sleep restriction, and performance in automobile drivers: a controlled study in a natural environment. Sleep, 26(3), 277-280. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.3.277
  84. Pien, G. W., & Schwab, R. J. (2004). Sleep disorders during pregnancy. Sleep, 27(7), 1405-1417. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.7.1405
  85. Pychyl, T. A., & Sirois, F. M. (2016). Procrastination, emotion regulation, and well-being. Procrastination, health, and well-being (pp. 163-188). San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press.
  86. Ramzi, F., & Saed, O. (2019). The roles of self-regulation and self-control in procrastination. Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal, 13(3), 555863. http://dx.doi.org/10.19080/PBSIJ.2019.13.555863
  87. Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., & Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M2: Media in the lives of 8-to 18-year-olds. Menlo Park, CA: A Kaiser Family Foundation Study.
  88. Sirois, F. M., Nauts, S., & Molnar, D. S. (2019). Self-compassion and bedtime procrastination: an emotion regulation perspective. Mindfulness, 10(3), 434-445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0983-3
  89. Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short‐term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011
  90. Smith, A. P. (2018). Cognitive fatigue and the well-being and academic attainment of university students. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioral Science, 24(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.9734/JESBS/2018/39529
  91. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self- regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
  92. Talbot, L. S., McGlinchey, E. L., Kaplan, K. A., Dahl, R. E., & Harvey, A. G. (2010). Sleep deprivation in adolescents and adults: changes in affect. Emotion, 10(6), 831-841. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020138
  93. Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Self-regulation and self-control (pp.271-324). Routledge.
  94. Tittler, G. (2022). Effects of psychological need frustration on revenge bedtime procrastination among college students [Unpublished bachelor thesis]. University of Groningen.
  95. Uygur, Ö. F., & Bahar, A. (2023). The relationship between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms and bedtime procrastination. Journal of Contemporary Medicine, 13(2), 241-246. https://doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1242778
  96. Ünal-Aydın, P. (2025). The effects of smartphone addiction, stress, and bedtime procrastination on sleep quality. Current Perspectives in Social Sciences, 29(1), 100-107.
  97. Valshtein, T. J., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2020). Using mental contrasting with implementation intentions to reduce bedtime procrastination: two randomised trials. Psychology & Health, 35(3), 275-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2019.1652753
  98. Van den Bulck, J. (2010). The effects of media on sleep. Adolescent Medicine-State of the Art Reviews, 21(3), 418-429.
  99. Wang, Y., Wang, X., Wang, Q., Liu, G., Wu, C., & Hao, M. (2025a). The role of bedtime procrastination, rumination, loneliness, and positive body image in predicting sleep quality among university students: a sex-specific analysis. Alpha Psychiatry, 26(3), 44142. https://doi.org/10.31083/AP44142
  100. Wang, Y., Wang, X., Wu, S., Zhang, W., Li, J., & Liu, B. (2025b). Physical exercise and bedtime procrastination among college students: mediating roles of self-control and mobile phone addiction. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1630326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1630326
  101. Wolfson, A. R., & Carskadon, M. A. (2003). Understanding adolescent's sleep patterns and school performance: a critical appraisal. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 7(6), 491-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1087-0792(03)90003-7
  102. Yılmaz Dinç, S., Koçhan, K., & Zat, Z. (2016). The validity and reliability of the bedtime procrastination scale. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 5(9), 57-62.
  103. Yorulmaz, M., Kıraç, R., & Sabırlı, H. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinde nomofobinin uyku ertelemeye etkisi. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), 5(27), 2988-2996.
  104. Zhang, C., Meng, D., Zhu, L., Ma, X., Guo, J., Fu, Y.,. & Mu, L. (2023). The effect of trait anxiety on bedtime procrastination: the mediating role of self-control. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(2), 260-267.
  105. Zhang, M. X., & Wu, A. M. (2020). Effects of smartphone addiction on sleep quality among Chinese university students: The mediating role of self-regulation and bedtime procrastination. Addictive Behaviors, 111, 106552.
  106. BBC. (2020). The Psychology Behind 'Revenge Bedtime Procrastination'. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime- procrastination adresinden erişildi.
  107. Connor, J., Norton, R., Ameratunga, S., Robinson, E., Civil, I., Dunn, R.,. & Jackson, R. (2002). Driver sleepiness and risk of serious injury to car occupants: population based case control study. Bmj, 324, 1125-1129. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7346.1125
  108. Garaulet, M., Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Rey-López, J. P., Béghin, L., Manios, Y.,. & Moreno, L. A. (2011). Short sleep duration is associated with increased obesity markers in European adolescents: effect of physical activity and dietary habits. The HELENA study. International Journal of Obesity, 35(10), 1308-1317. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2011.149
  109. Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L.,. & Ware, J. C. (2015). National Sleep Foundation’s updated sleep duration recommendations. Sleep Health, 1(4), 233-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004
  110. Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Wiers, R. W. (2008). Impulsive versus reflective influences on health behavior: A theoretical framework and empirical review. Health Psychology Review, 2(2), 111-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437190802617668
  111. Iglowstein, I., Jenni, O. G., Molinari, L., & Largo, R. H. (2003). Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: reference values and generational trends. Pediatrics, 111(2), 302-307. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.2.302 InMIND. (2024). Bedtime Procrastination: I Know I Should Go To Bed But. https://www.in- mind.org/blog/post/bedtime-procrastination-i-know-i-should-go-to-bed-but? adresinden erişildi.
  112. Lao, X. Q., Liu, X., Deng, H. B., Chan, T. C., Ho, K. F., Wang, F.,. & Yeoh, E. K. (2018). Sleep quality, sleep duration, and the risk of coronary heart disease: a prospective cohort study with 60,586 adults. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 14(1), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6894
  113. Lucassen, E. A., Zhao, X., Rother, K. I., Mattingly, M. S., Courville, A. B., De Jonge, L.,. & Sleep Extension Study Group. (2013). Evening chronotype is associated with changes in eating behavior, more sleep apnea, and increased stress hormones in short sleeping obese individuals. PloS One, 8(3), e56519. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056519
  114. Owens, J., Adolescent Sleep Working Group, Committee on Adolescence, Au, R., Carskadon, M., Millman, R.,. & O’Brien, R. F. (2014). Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: an update on causes and consequences. Pediatrics, 134(3), e921-e932. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1696
  115. Philip, P., Sagaspe, P., Taillard, J., Moore, N., Guilleminault, C., Sanchez-Ortuno, M.,. & Bioulac, B. (2003). Fatigue, sleep restriction, and performance in automobile drivers: a controlled study in a natural environment. Sleep, 26(3), 277-280. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.3.277
  116. Zhang, C., Meng, D., Zhu, L., Ma, X., Guo, J., Fu, Y.,. & Mu, L. (2023). The effect of trait anxiety on bedtime procrastination: the mediating role of self-control. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(2), 260-267.