KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Journal of Economics and Political Sciences / 2025 / Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Spor Turizmi Bağlamında Olimpiyat Oyunlarının Ev Sahibi Şehirlere Ekonomik Etkilerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi (2000-2024)

Comparative Analysis Of The Economic Impacts Of The Olympic Games On Host Cities In The Context Of Sports Tourism (2000-2024)

Fatih Turgut(İstanbul Aydın University)0000-0003-3641-8452
Selda Kocamaz Adaş(İstanbul Aydın University)0000-0002-7368-9780
Yusuf Metehan Mete(Bitlis Eren University)0000-0003-2252-1619
Sayfa
112–135
Yayın Tarihi
2025-12-31
DOI
—
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Bulgular, Olimpiyatların ekonomik başarısının, turizm gelirlerinden ziyade kapsamlı ön maliyet-fayda analizi, mevcut altyapının etkin kullanımı ve en kritik olarak etkinlik sonrası sürdürülebilir bir miras planlamasına bağlı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Bu çalışmanın amacı, spor turizmi bağlamında 2000 ile 2024 yılları arasında düzenlenen Yaz Olimpiyat Oyunları'nın (Sydney, Atina, Pekin, Londra, Rio de Janeiro, Tokyo ve Paris) ev sahibi şehirler üzerindeki ekonomik etkilerini karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektir.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Her bir olimpiyat şehri için; olimpiyat bilgileri, ekonomik boyut ve istihdam-sosyo-ekonomik faydalar boyutları değerlendirilmiştir.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Bulgular, Olimpiyatların ekonomik başarısının, turizm gelirlerinden ziyade kapsamlı ön maliyet-fayda analizi, mevcut altyapının etkin kullanımı ve en kritik olarak etkinlik sonrası sürdürülebilir bir miras planlamasına bağlı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
🔬Tür:Modelleme & Sayısal Simülasyon
📍Kapsam:2000 · 2016 örnek
⚙️Değişkenler:Spor turizmi · Olimpiyat ekonomisi · mega etkinlik yönetimi

Özet

Bu çalışmanın amacı, spor turizmi bağlamında 2000 ile 2024 yılları arasında düzenlenen Yaz Olimpiyat Oyunları'nın (Sydney, Atina, Pekin, Londra, Rio de Janeiro, Tokyo ve Paris) ev sahibi şehirler üzerindeki ekonomik etkilerini karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektir. Nitel araştırma yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilen çalışmada ikincil veriler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda; organizasyon maliyetleri, turizm gelirleri, altyapı yatırımları ve uzun vadeli ekonomik göstergeleri incelenmiştir. Her bir olimpiyat şehri için; olimpiyat bilgileri, ekonomik boyut ve istihdam-sosyo-ekonomik faydalar boyutları değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, Olimpiyatların ekonomik başarısının, turizm gelirlerinden ziyade kapsamlı ön maliyet-fayda analizi, mevcut altyapının etkin kullanımı ve en kritik olarak etkinlik sonrası sürdürülebilir bir miras planlamasına bağlı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Atina 2004 ve Rio 2016 örneklerinde görüldüğü üzere, planlama eksikliği ve "beyaz fil" tesisler, ciddi finansal yükler olarak ortaya çıkarken; Londra 2012 ve Paris 2024 modelleri, sürdürülebilirliği ve toplumsal faydayı merkeze alan yeni bir mega etkinlik anlayışı ortaya koymuştur. Çalışmada, önümüzdeki yıllarda ev sahibi şehirlere, finansal riskleri minimize ederken uzun vadeli kalkınma fırsatlarını maksimize etmeleri amacıyla öneriler sunulmuştur.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the economic impacts of the Summer Olympic Games (Sydney, Athens, Beijing, London, Rio de Janeiro, Tokyo, and Paris) held between 2000 and 2024 on their host cities in the context of sports tourism. The study, conducted using qualitative research methods, analyzed secondary data. Research data included organizational costs, tourism revenues, infrastructure investments, and long-term economic indicators. Subsequently, for each Olympic city, Olympic information, economic dimensions and employment-socioeconomic benefits dimensions were evaluated. The findings reveal that the economic success of the Olympics depends on a comprehensive ex-ante cost-benefit analysis, the effective use of existing infrastructure, and, most critically, sustainable legacy planning after the event, rather than tourism revenues. As seen in the examples of Athens 2004 and Rio 2016, planning deficiencies and "white elephant" facilities emerged as serious financial burdens, while the London 2012 and Paris 2024 models presented a new approach to mega-events centered on sustainability and social benefits. The study offers recommendations to host cities for the coming years on how to minimize financial risks while maximizing longterm development opportunities.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Turgut, F., Adaş, S. K., Mete, Y. M. (2025). Spor Turizmi Bağlamında Olimpiyat Oyunlarının Ev Sahibi Şehirlere Ekonomik Etkilerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi (2000-2024). Journal of Economics and Political Sciences, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 112–135. https://ajindex.com/articles/1618470

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (126)

  1. Andranovich, G., Burbank, M. J., & Heying, C. H. (2001). Olympic cities: Lessons learned from mega-event politics. Journal of Urban Affairs, 23(2), 113-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-2166.00079
  2. Andras, K., & Mate, T. (2025). Olympics and Economy: Paris 2024. In 2025 IEEE 19th International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics (SACI) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
  3. Aramata, M. (Ed.). (2023). Political economy of the Tokyo Olympics: Unrestrained capital and development without sustainable principles. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003325888
  4. Balfousia-Savva, S., Athanassiou, L., Zaragas, L., & Milonas, A. (2001). The Economic effects of the Athens Olympic Games [Report in Greek]. Centre of Planning and Economic Research.
  5. Beriatos, E., Gospodini, A. (2004). Glocalising’ urban landscapes: Athens and the 2004 Olympics. Cities, 21(3), 187-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2004.03.004
  6. Bizen, Y., & Oshimi, D. (2022). COVID-19 and sport in Japan. In Routledge handbook of sport and COVID-19 (pp. 373-380). Routledge. Blake, A. (2005). Economic impact of the London 2012 Olympics. Nottingham University Business School. https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/handle/2100/994
  7. Boukas, N., Ziakas, V., & Boustras, G. (2012). Olympic legacy and cultural tourism: Exploring the facets of Athens’ Olympic heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 15(1-2), 89-105.
  8. Boykoff, J. (2025). Greenwash gold? The Paris 2024 Olympics. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 36(2), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2025.2464556
  9. Boykoff, J., & Gaffney, C. (2020). The Tokyo 2020 Games and the end of Olympic history. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 31(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2020.1738053
  10. Brand Finance. (2024). The Olympics brand value is $11.4 billion. Retrieved October 22, 2025, from https://brandfinance.com/press-releases/the-olympics-brand-value-is-11-4-billion
  11. Brocherie, F., Pascal, M., Lagarrigue, R., & Millet, G. P. (2024). Climate and health challenges for Paris 2024 Olympics and Paralympics. BMJ, 384, Article e077925. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-077925
  12. Broudehoux, A. M. (2017). Mega-events and urban image construction: Beijing and Rio de Janeiro. Routledge.
  13. Brückner, M., & Pappa, E. (2015). News shocks in the data: Olympic Games and their macroeconomic effects. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 47(7), 1339-1367. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12247
  14. Cashman, R. (2006). The bitter-sweet awakening: The legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Walla Walla Press.
  15. Chalip, L. (2004). Beyond impact: A general model for sport event leverage. In B. W. Ritchie & D. Adair (Eds.), Sport tourism: Interrelationships, impacts and issues (pp. 226-252). Channel View Publications.
  16. Chen, Y., Jin, G. Z., Kumar, N., & Shi, G. (2013). The promise of Beijing: Evaluating the impact of the 2008 Olympic Games on air quality. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 66(3), 424-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2013.06.005
  17. Da Silva F. M. J., & Pereira, B. L. G. A. (2023). The Impact on the Brazilian Economy of the Olympic Games in Rio De Janeiro in 2016. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(11), Article 25. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i11.3886
  18. Damiani, C., Reppold Filho, A. R., de Lima, M. J., Marchetti, F., & Guedes, C. (2020). Economic impacts of the Rio 2016 Olympics: A preliminary study. In I. Martínková, J. Parry, & A. R. Reppold Filho (Eds.), Research in physical education and sport in the Czech Republic and Brazil (pp. 197–211). Marcavisual; ESEFID/UFRGS.
  19. Davis, J., & Thornley, A. (2010). Urban regeneration for the London 2012 Olympics: Issues of land acquisition and legacy. City, Culture and Society, 1(2), 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2010.08.002
  20. Duignan, M. B. (2021). Leveraging Tokyo 2020 to re-image Japan and the Olympic city, post-Fukushima. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, Article 100486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100486
  21. Economist Intelligence Unit. (2012). Legacy 2012: Understanding the impact of the Olympic Games. https://www.sportsthinktank.com/uploads/legacy-2012---understanding-the-impact-of-the-olympic-games-(1).pdf
  22. Essex, S., & Chalkley, B. (1998). Olympic Games: Catalyst of urban change. Leisure Studies, 17(3), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/026143698375123
  23. Faria, M. J. da S., & Pereira, B. L. G. A. (2023). The Impact on the Brazilian economy of the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro in 2016. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(11), Article e03886. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i11.3886
  24. Faulkner, B., Chalip, L., Brown, G., Jago, L., March, R., & Woodside, A. (2000). Monitoring the tourism impacts of the Sydney 2000 Olympics. Event Management, 6(4), 231-246. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599500108751390
  25. Faure, A. (2021). The impact of Paris 2024 on the construction of the Grand Paris Express: A hidden extra cost of the Olympic (FFJ Discussion Paper No. 21-02). Fondation France-Japon de l’EHESS. https://hal.science/hal-03253557
  26. Floros, C. (2010). The impact of the Athens Olympic Games on the Athens stock exchange. Journal of Economic Studies, 37(6), 647-657. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443581011086675
  27. Flyvbjerg, B., & Stewart, A. (2012). Olympic proportions: Cost and cost overrun at the Olympics 1960-2012. Saïd Business School, University of Oxford. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2238053
  28. Flyvbjerg, B., Stewart, A., & Budzier, A. (2016). The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and cost overrun at the games. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.04484
  29. Furrer, P. (1998). Sydney 2000: "Sharing the spirit"? Attitudes towards the Olympics in the context of Sydney's socio-spatial polarisation (Master’s thesis). University of Wollongong. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/2894
  30. Gaffney, C. (2020). The mega-event city: Rio de Janeiro and the politics of the Olympic Games. Routledge.
  31. Gallego, V., Nishiura, H., Sah, R., & Rodriguez-Morales, A. J. (2020). The COVID-19 outbreak and implications for the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympic Games. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 34, Article 101604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101604
  32. Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism Management, 29(3), 403-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.017
  33. Giesecke, J., & Madden, J. (2007). The Sydney Olympics, Seven years on: An ex-post dynamic CGE assessment (Working Paper No. G-168). Centre of Policy Studies Monash University. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/38941/1/g-168.pdf
  34. Girginov, V. (2010). Studying Olympism. In V. Girginov (Ed.), The Olympics. A critical reader. Routledge.
  35. Girginov, V. (2012). Governance of the London 2012 Olympic Games legacy. International review for the sociology of sport, 47(5), 543-558. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690211413966
  36. Giulianotti, R., Armstrong, G., Hales, G., & Hobbs, D. (2015). Sport mega-events and public opposition: A sociological study of the London 2012 Olympics. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 39(2), 99-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723514530565
  37. China Daily. (2021, December 28). Beijing records tourism and hotel occupancy during Olympic period. https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202112/28/WS61ca595aa310cdd39bc7dc69.html#:~:text=Beijing%20recorded%20a%20total%20of,major%20hotels%20and%20scenic%20spots
  38. Gold, J. R., & Gold, M. M. (2013). London 2012 and the post-Olympics city: A hollow legacy? Palgrave Macmillan.
  39. Gottwald, J. C., & Duggan, N. (2008). China's economic development and the Beijing Olympics. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(3), 339-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360701740240
  40. Gratton, C., & Preuss, H. (2008). Maximizing Olympic impacts by building up legacies. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(14), 1922-1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802439023
  41. Guinness World Records, (2008). Largest TV audience for an Olympic Games. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-tv-audience-for-an-olympic-games
  42. Hashmi, S. M., Fida, B. A., & Alhayky, A. (2008). Economic impact studies of Beijing 2008 olympic Games. China-USA Business Review, 7(5), 27-35.
  43. Houlihan, B., & Giulianotti, R. (2012). Politics and the London 2012 Olympics: The (in)security Games. International Affairs, 88(4), 701-717. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01097.x
  44. International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2000). Sydney 1997-2000 Sydney Games of the Olympiad: Facts and figures. https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/IOC-Interim-and-Final-Reports/IOC-Final-Reports-1997-2000/IOC-Final-Report-Facts-and-Figures-Sydney-2000.pdf
  45. International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2004). Global TV viewing of Athens 2004 Olympic Games breaks records. Retrieved November 19, 2025, from https://www.olympics.com/ioc/news/global-tv-viewing-of-athens-2004-olympic-games-breaks-records.
  46. International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2008). Olympic Games a boost for jobs. Retrieved November 19, 2025, from https://www.olympics.com/ioc/news/olympic-games-a-boost-for-jobs
  47. International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2014). Olympic Agenda 2020. https://olympics.com/ioc/olympic-agenda-2020
  48. International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2016). Olympic Games Rio 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2025, from https://www.olympics.com/en/olympic-games/rio-2016.
  49. International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2018). Legacy: Olympic and Paralympic Games Rio 2016 / Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Rio in 2016. https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/207464/legacy-olympic-and-paralympic-games-rio-2016-organising-committee-for-the-olympic-and-paralympic-am?_lg=en-GB
  50. International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2020). Tokyo 2020 continues to show strong momentum amid growing excitement for the Games. Retrieved October 22, 2025, from https://www.olympics.com/ioc/news/tokyo-2020-continues-to-show-strong-momentum-amid-growing-excitement-for-the-games
  51. International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2022). Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee publishes final balanced budget. Retrieved October 22, 2025, from https://www.olympics.com/ioc/news/tokyo-2020-organising-committee-publishes-final-balanced-budget
  52. International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2024a). Olympic Games Paris 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2025, from https://www.olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-2024.
  53. International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2024b). Around 5 billion people - 84 per cent of the potential global audience - followed the Olympic Games Paris 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2025, from https://www.olympics.com/ioc/news/around-5-billion-people-84-per-cent-of-the-potential-global-audience-followed-the-olympic-games-paris-2024
  54. International Olympic Committee (IOC-Report Athens). (2004). Athens 2004 Olympic broadcast. https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/IOC/How_We_Do_It/Broadcasters/EN_Athens_2004_Broadcast_Report.pdf
  55. Kasimati, E. (2003). Economic aspects and the Summer Olympics: a review of related research. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5(6), 433-444. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.449
  56. Kasimati, E., & Dawson, P. (2009). Assessing the impact of the 2004 Olympic Games on the Greek economy: A small macroeconometric model. Economic Modelling, 26(1), 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2008.06.006
  57. Kavetsos, G. (2012). The impact of the London Olympics announcement on property prices. Urban Studies, 49(7), 1453-1470. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098011415436
  58. Kenyon, J., & Palmer, C. (2008). Funding and sponsorship: The commercial impact of the 2012 London Olympic Games-Some considerations. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports Studies, 2, 1, 29-44.
  59. Kolotouchkina, O. (2018). Engaging citizens in sports mega-events: The participatory strategic approach of Tokyo 2020 Olympic. Communication & Society, 31(4), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.31.4.45-58
  60. Konstantaki, M. (2008). Social and cultural impact of the London 2012 Olympic Games: A lecturers’ and students’ perspective. International Tourism Conference 2008, Alanya, Turkey. https://bnu.repository.guildhe.ac.uk/id/eprint/9814/
  61. Koskinen, T. (2022). The economic impact of Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games that never happened (Master’s thesis, JAMK University of Applied Sciences). https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-202204135058
  62. Lefèvre, L., Vincent-Titeca, C., Garcia-Marin, C., Temime, L., & Jean, K. (2024). Paris 2024 Olympic Games: A risk enhancer for autochthonous arboviral diseases epidemics? International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 146, Article 107191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107191
  63. Lenskyj, H. J. (2000). Inside the Olympic industry: Power, politics, and activism. SUNY Press.
  64. Leopkey, B., & Parent, M. M. (2012). Olympic Games legacy: From general benefits to sustainable long-term legacy. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 29(6), 924-943. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2011.623006
  65. Madden, J. R. (2002). The economic consequences of the Sydney Olympics: The CREA/Arthur Andersen study. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(1), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500208667904
  66. Madden, J., & Crowe, M. (1998). Estimating the economic impact of the Sydney Olympic Games (Working paper). https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/113652
  67. Madden, J. (2006). Economic and fiscal impacts of mega sporting events: a general equilibrium assessment. Public Finance and Management 6, 346–394. https://doi.org/10.1177/152397210600600304
  68. Martin, M. F. (2008). China’s economy and the Beijing Olympics (Order Code RS22936). Congressional Research Service. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA486071.pdf
  69. Min, G. (2016). The Olympic economy in China: A study of the Beijing Olympic Games (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Western Australia). https://api.research-repository.uwa.edu.au/ws/portalfiles/portal/8927474/Min_Ge_2016.pdf
  70. Mondo, T. S., Marques, O. R. B., & Gândara, J. M. G. (2020). Rio 2016 Olympics: analysis of the tourist perception of quality using TOURQUAL. Tourism & Management Studies, 16(2), 26-34. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2020.160203
  71. Murayama, T., Brown, G., Akiike, A., & Matsuoka, K. (2025). Resident perceptions of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games: An examination of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 6(1), Article 100166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2025.100166
  72. Nielsen Media Researh. (2023). Beijing opening ceremony’s global TV audience hit 2 billion. Retrieved December 12, 2025, from http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/media_entertainment/beijing-opening-ceremonys-global-tv-audience-hit-2-billion/
  73. Oblinger-Peters, V., & Krenn, B. (2020). Time for recovery or utter uncertainty? The postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games through the eyes of Olympic athletes and coaches. A qualitative study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 610856. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.610856
  74. Olympic-Museum. (2004). Olympics Games Tickets 2004. Retrieved November 20, 2025, from https://www.olympic-museum.de/ticket/olympic-games-tickets-2004.php
  75. Olympic-Museum. (2008). Olympics Games Tickets 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2025, from https://www.olympic-museum.de/ticket/olympic-games-tickets-2008.php
  76. Osada, M., Ojima, M., Kurachi, Y., Miura, K., & Kawamoto, T. (2016). Economic impact of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. BOJ Reports & Research Papers, 1-21. https://www.boj.or.jp/en/research/brp/ron_2016/data/ron160121b.pdf
  77. Oshimi, D., Yamaguchi, S., Fukuhara, T., & Taks, M. (2025). Role of risk perception on trust, event impact experiences, and event support in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics during the COVID-19 outbreak. Sport Management Review, 28(2), 348–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2024.2442148
  78. Overmyer, M. P. (2017). Economic impact analysis on Olympic host-cities (Undergraduate honors thesis). Grand Valley State University. https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/647
  79. Papanikolaou, P. (2013). Athens 2004. Ten years later the Olympic infrastructure, the cultural Olympiad and the white elephant syndrome. Journal of Power, Politics and Governance, 1(1), 1-9. https://jppg.thebrpi.org/journals/jppg/Vol_1_No_1_December_2013/1.pdf
  80. Papanikos, G. (1999). Tourism impact of the 2004 Olympic Games (In Greek). Tourism Research Institute, Athens.
  81. Paris 2024 Official Report (2025). The Legacy of the Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2025/09/the-legacy-of-the-paris-2024-olympic-and-paralympic-games_fa7c7102/d7938b7f-en.pdf
  82. Pellet, J., & Wade, I. (2024). Paris 2024, Dakar 2026 and beyond: Building sustainable Olympism. AFD Policy Papers, (16), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3917/e.afd.pp.016.0001
  83. Preuss, H. (2010). The economic dimension of the Olympic Games. Centre d'Estudis Olímpics (CEO-UAB). https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/worpap/2010/181078/preuss_eng.pdf
  84. Preuss, H. (2015). The economics of the Olympic Games: Winners and losers. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446278833.n19
  85. Ren, Z. (2022, March). The impact of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games on Beijing’s economic growth. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2022) (pp. 698–701). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220307.112
  86. Ribeiro, T. M., Correia, A., Biscaia, R., & Figueiredo, C. (2018). Examining service quality and social impact perceptions of the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 19(2), 160-177. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-08-2017-0080
  87. Ribeiro, T., Correia, A., & Biscaia, R. (2021). The social impact of the 2016 Rio Olympic Games: Comparison of residents' pre- and post-event perceptions. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 11(2), 201-221. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-02-2020-0014
  88. Rocha, C. M. (2017). Rio 2016 Olympic Games and diplomatic legacies. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 9(2), 277-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2017.1287762
  89. Rosa, J. P. P., Silva, A., de Lira, C. A. B., & de Mello, M. T. (2025). The potential impact of heat on athletes' sleep at the Paris 2024 Olympics and Paralympics Games. Sleep Science, 18(02), e236-e240. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1791236
  90. Russo, E., Figueira, A. R., Kogut, C. S., & Mello, R. D. C. D. (2022). The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games: Impacts of COVID-19 and digital transformation. Cadernos EBAPE. BR, 20(2), 318-332. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120210150x
  91. Samitas, A., Kenourgios, D., & Zounis, P. (2008). Athens’ Olympic Games 2004 impact on sponsors’ stock returns. Applied Financial Economics, 18(19), 1569-1580. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603100701720336
  92. Scott, C. (2014). Legacy evaluation and London, 2012 and the Cultural Olympiad. Cultural Trends, 23(1), 7-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09548963.2013.798999
  93. Shipway, R. (2007). Sustainable legacies for the 2012 Olympic Games. Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 127(3), 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466424007077344
  94. Singh, N., & Zhou, H. (2016). Transformation of tourism in Beijing after the 2008 Summer Olympics: An analysis of the impacts in 2014. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(4), 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2045
  95. SportsPro. (2024). Paris 2024 in numbers: Full stadiums, viewership rebounds, and viral Olympic muffins. Retrieved October 22, 2025, from https://www.sportspro.com/insights/analysis/paris-2024-olympics-stats-ticket-sales-viewership-tiktok-social-media-merch-sales/
  96. Statista. (2024). Paris 2024 Olympic Games. Retrieved October 22, 2025, from https://www.statista.com/study/172566/paris-2024-olympic-games/
  97. Statista. (2025a). Number of countries and territories broadcasting the Summer Olympic Games from 1936 to 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2025, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/274488/countries-and-territories-broadcasting-the-lympic-summer-games/
  98. Statista. (2025b). Tickets available and sold at the Olympic Summer Games from 1984 to 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2025, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/274826/tickets-available-and-sold-at-the-olympic-summer-games/
  99. Statista. (2025c). Olympic Summer Games total global TV audience in 2008 and 2020 (in billions). Retrieved October 22, 2025, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/280502/total-number-of-tv-viewers-of-olympic-summer-games-worldwide/
  100. Statista. (2025d). Summer Olympic Games revenue from domestic sponsorships from 1996 to 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2025, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/274449/marketing-revenue-of-olympic-games-from-domestic-sponsorships/
  101. The FGV. (2024). New calculation of Olympic legacy’s impacts on Rio de Janeiro released by FGV. Retrieved October 29, 2025, from https://portal.fgv.br/en/news/new-calculation-olympic-legacys-impacts-rio-janeiro-released-fgv
  102. The Guardian. (2012, October 11). London 2012 may have caused dip in visitors to Britain – but they spent more. Retrieved October 29, 2025, from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/oct/11/london-2012-dip-visitors-britain
  103. The Standard. (2012, July 31). The Olympics boom created 100,000 jobs in London. Retrieved October 29, 2025, from https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/the-olympics-boom-created-100-000-jobs-in-london-8214954.html
  104. Tian, J., & Johnston, C. (2008). The 2008 Olympic Games leveraging a “best ever” games to benefit Beijing. Asian Social Science, 4(4), 22-47.
  105. Türkiye Milli Olimpiyat Komitesi (TMOK). (2008). Beijing 2008 Yaz Olimpiyat Oyunları. https://olimpiyat.org.tr/Oyun-Detay/beijing-2008-yaz-olimpiyat-oyunlari/2 Erişim tarihi: 18.11.2025
  106. Türkiye Milli Olimpiyat Komitesi (TMOK). (2012). Londra 2012 Yaz Olimpiyat Oyunları. https://olimpiyat.org.tr/Oyun-Detay/londra-2012-yaz-olimpiyat-oyunlari/1 Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2025
  107. Türkiye Milli Olimpiyat Komitesi (TMOK). (2016a). Rio de Janeiro 2016 Yaz Olimpiyat Oyunları. https://olimpiyat.org.tr/Oyun-Detay/rio-de-janeiro-2016-yaz-olimpiyat-oyunlari/120 Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2025
  108. Türkiye Milli Olimpiyat Komitesi (TMOK). (2016b). 2016 Rio Olimpiyat Oyunları Raporu. https://api.olimpiyat.org.tr/upload/YayinGruplari/942453_RIO_2016_Rapor.pdf Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2025
  109. Türkiye Milli Olimpiyat Komitesi (TMOK). (2020). Tokyo 2020 Yaz Olimpiyat Oyunları. https://olimpiyat.org.tr/Oyun-Detay/tokyo-2020-yaz-olimpiyat-oyunlari/138 Erişim tarihi: 22.10.2025
  110. Türkiye Milli Olimpiyat Komitesi (TMOK). (2024a). Paris 2024 Yaz Olimpiyat Oyunları. https://olimpiyat.org.tr/Oyun-Detay/paris-2024-yaz-olimpiyat-oyunlari/140 Erişim tarihi: 22.10.2025
  111. Türkiye Milli Olimpiyat Komitesi (TMOK). (2024b). Paris 2024 Yaz Olimpiyat Oyunları Raporu. https://api.olimpiyat.org.tr/upload/1741976267_paris_2024_rapor.pdf Erişim tarihi: 15.12.2025
  112. Tsai, C. H., Su, C. H., & Lin, L. C. (2024). From promises to reality: Lessons from Rio’s 2016 Olympics. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 24(1), 96-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2023.2292283
  113. Tziralis, G., Tolis, A., Tatsiopoulos, I., & Aravossis, K. (2008). Sustainability and the Olympics: The case of Athens 2004. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 3(2), 132-146. https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP-V3-N2-132-146
  114. Veraros, N., Kasimati, E. & Dawson, P. (2004). The 2004 Olympic Games announcement and its effect on the Athens and Milan stock exchanges. Applied Economics Letters, 11(12), 749–753. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350485042000254584
  115. Voinea, A., Iacobini, A., & Dominteanu, T. (2024). Paris 2024 Olympics: A review of innovation, performance and challenges. Journal of Sports Media Studies, XVI(2), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.24818/mrt.24.16.02.06
  116. Walton, H., Longo, A., & Dawson, P. (2007). A contingent valuation of the 2012 London Olympic Games: A regional perspective. Journal of Sports Economics, 9(3), 304-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002507308769
  117. Weed, M. (2008). Olympic tourism. Routledge.
  118. Wolfe, S. D. (2023). Building a better host city? Reforming and contesting the Olympics in Paris 2024. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 41(2), 257-273. https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544221129409
  119. Wu, H., & Reed, R. (2004). And the winner is Sydney?: Before and after the 2000 Olympic Games. Australian Property Journal, 165-170. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353378182_And_the_winner_is_Sydney_before_and_after_the_Olympic_Games
  120. Yamamura, E., & Tsutsui, Y. (2020). The impact of postponing 2020 Tokyo Olympics on the happiness of O-MO-TE-NA-SHI workers in tourism: A consequence of COVID-19. Sustainability, 12(19), Article 8168. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198168
  121. Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  122. Zaharopoulos, T. (2007). The news framing of the 2004 Olympic Games. Mass Communication & Society, 10(2), 235-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430701265752
  123. Zhang, M., Chen, L., Lei, O., & Malone, C. (2013). Residents' perceived social-economic impact of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. ICHPER-SD Journal of Research, 8(2), 19-25.
  124. Zhao, X. (2014). The economic impact of the 2008 beijing olympic games (Doctoral dissertation, Cape Peninsula University of Technology). https://etd.cput.ac.za/handle/20.500.11838/1572
  125. Zimbalist, A. (2016). The economic legacy of Rio 2016. In Rio 2016: Olympic myths, hard realities (pp. 207-238). Brookings Institution Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7864/j.ctt1vjqnp9.13
  126. International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2018). Legacy: Olympic and Paralympic Games Rio 2016 / Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Rio in 2016. https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/207464/legacy-olympic-and-paralympic-games-rio-2016-organising-committee-for-the-olympic-and-paralympic-am?_lg=en-GB