KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Klinik Tıp Aile Hekimliği / 2026 / Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Erişkinlerde Aşılama

Bülent Yardımcı
Bekir İneli
Melahat Akdeniz
Sayfa
29–47
Yayın Tarihi
2016-03-30
DOI
—
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Yeni çalışmalar ortalama yılda 30 bin erişkinin aşı ile önlenebilir hastalıklardan öldüğünü göstermektedir.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Aşılama çocuklar için oldıuğu kadar erişkinler için de önemlidir.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Yeni çalışmalar ortalama yılda 30 bin erişkinin aşı ile önlenebilir hastalıklardan öldüğünü göstermektedir.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Erişkin aşılaması birinci basamakta rutin hasta bakımının temel elementi olmalıdır.
🔬Tür:Derleme
📍Kapsam:2020 Verileri
⚙️Değişkenler:Aşılama · Erişkin Aşılaması · erişkinler için aşılar

Özet

Aşılama çocuklar için oldıuğu kadar erişkinler için de önemlidir. Ancak çoğu erişkin yetersiz aşılanmaktadır. Yeni çalışmalar ortalama yılda 30 bin erişkinin aşı ile önlenebilir hastalıklardan öldüğünü göstermektedir. Erişkin aşılama oranları artmakla birlikte hala Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSO) “Sağlıklı Kişiler 2020” hedeflerinden uzaktır. Erişkin aşılaması morbidite ve mortaliteyi önemli oranda azaltmasına rağmen, pek çok erişkin kendileri için gerekli olan aşıların farkında değildir. Özellikle infeksiyon hastalıkları için risk grubunda olan kronik hastalıkları olan bireyler, yaşlılar, sağlık çalışanlarının aşılanmaları pek çok yaşamı koruma potansiyeline sahiptir. ACİP erişkinler için 12 aşı önermektedir. Erişkin aşılaması birinci basamakta rutin hasta bakımının temel elementi olmalıdır.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Yardımcı, B., İneli, B., Akdeniz, M. (2016). Erişkinlerde Aşılama. Klinik Tıp Aile Hekimliği, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 29–47. https://ajindex.com/articles/1594809

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (71)

  1. National Foundation for İnfectious Diseases. Adult Vaccination Saves Lives. 2012. Erişim: www.adultvaccination.org/resources/ctaadult. pdf. Erişim tarihi 15.04.2015
  2. Healthy People 2020. Erişim. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics- objectives/topic/immunization-and-infectious-diseases Erişim tarihi: 09.04. 2015
  3. Global Vaccine Action Plan, World Health Organization 2013, The Sixtyfifth World Health Assembly 4. Orenstein WA, Atkinson WL. Immunisation in Goldman L, Schafer AI et al (ed) Goldman's Cecil Medicine 24.th ed. Elservier Saunders Philadelphia 2012 pp. 63-75:16 5. Parkins MD, McNeil SA, Laupland KB. Routine immunization of adults in Canada: Review of the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases and current recommendations for primary prevention. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2009;20(3):e81-e91 6. Sinclair D, Walker T. International Longevity Center. Adult Vaccination: A Key Component Of Healthy Ageing. The Benefits Of Life-Course immunisation İn Europe, 2013. Erişim: http://www.ilcuk.org.uk/ images/uploads/publication-pdfs/Adult_vaccination_-_a_key_component_ of_health_ageing.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 09.04. 2015
  4. Ward JI, Cherry JD, Chang S-J, Partridge S. Efficacy of an Acellular Pertussis Vaccine among Adolescents and Adults. N Engl J Med, 353;15:1555-64 8. Measles Outbreaks Include Unvaccinated Healthcare Workers. Medscape. May 29, 2015
  5. WHO recommendations for routine immunization - summary tables.
  6. CDC. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States – 2016 erişim: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/ adult/adult-combined-schedule.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 09.04. 2015
  7. Kim DK, Bridges CB, Harriman KH, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Advisory committee on immunization practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older: United States, 2015. Ann Intern Med 2015; 162:214
  8. Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadıan Immunization Guide 2014 erişim
  9. Poland GA, Borrud A, Jacobson RM, et al. Determination of deltoid fat pad thickness. Implications for needle length in adult immunization. JAMA 1997; 277:1709 14. Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, et al. Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of theNomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003. J Allergy ClinImmunol 2004; 113:832
  10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Tetanus surveillance United States, 2001-2008.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011; 60:365
  11. Mertsola J, Van Der Meeren O, He Q, et al. Decennial administration of a reduced antigen content diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine in young adults. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:656
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccines and Immunizations. Pertussis. Epidemiology and 18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated Recommendations for Use of TetanusToxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccine in Adults Aged 65 Years and Older Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Morta Wkly Rep 2012; 61:468
  13. Liu BC, McIntyre P, Kaldor JM, et al. Pertussis in older adults: prospective study of risk factors and morbidity. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1450 20. Maple PA, Efstratiou A, George RC, et al. Diphtheria immunity in UK blood donors. Lancet 1995;345:963
  14. CDC Vaccination Coverage in the U.S. Erişim: http://www.cdc.gov/ vaccines/imzmanagers/ coverage/imzcoverage.html Erişim tarihi: 27.04.2015 22. Thwaites CL, Beeching NJ, Newton CR. Maternal and neonatal tetanus. Lancet 2015; 385:362
  15. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases. Documentationand Verification of Measles, Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Elimination in the Region of theAmericas: United States National Report, March 28, 2012. Erişim: http://www.cdc.gov/measles/downloads/Reporteliminationmeaslesrubellacrs. pdf Erişim tarihi 27.4.2015 24. Clemmons NS, Gastanaduy PA, Fiebelkorn AP, Redd SB, Wallace GS. Measles — United States, January 4–April 2, 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2015;64(14):373-376
  16. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Fiore AE, Wasley A, Bell BP. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55:1 46 www.kliniktipdergisi.com 26. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the AdvisoryCommittee on Immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2007; 56
  17. Xu Z-Y, Wang X-Y. Live attenuated hepatitis A vaccines developed in China. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2014;10(3): 659–666 28. WHO. Weekly epidemiological record. Live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire, No 30, 2010 pp:289-90 29. Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11:97
  18. Akdeniz M, Mevsim G. Gripte Güncel Gelişmeler. Klinik Tıp Aile Hekimliği 2015: 2015;7(2): 7-15 31. WHO, Candidate vaccine viruses and potency testing reagents for development and production of vaccines for use in the northern hemisphere 2015-2016 influenza season. Erişim: http://www.who.int/influenza/ vaccines/virus/candidates_reagents/2015_16_north/eInfluenza. Erişim tarihi: 27.4.2015 32. Glezen WP. Clinical practice. Prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2579
  19. ACIP Releases Updated Recommendations on Influenza Vaccination to Include the 2014–2015 Season. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(8):584-587
  20. Benowitz I, Esposito DB, Gracey KD, Shapiro ED, Va´zquez M. Influenza Vaccine Given to Pregnant Women Reduces Hospitalization Due to Influenza in Their Infants. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010; 51(12):1355–1361 35. DiazGranados CA, Dunning AJ, Kimmel M, Kirby D at al. Efficacy of High-Dose versus Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:635-645 36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 13th Edition, 2015. Pneumococcal disease http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/ pneumo.pdf 37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Licensure of 13valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for adults aged 50 years and older. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012; 61:394
  21. Tomczyk S, Bennett NM, Stoecker C, et al. Use of 13valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged ≥65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014; 63:822
  22. Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:2271
  23. Morrison VA, Johnson GR, Schmader KE, et al. Longterm Persistence of Zoster Vaccine Efficacy. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60:900
  24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Herpes Zoster Vaccination. Erişim. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/shingles/hcpvaccination. htm. Erişim tarihi: 27.4.2015 42. Lal H, Cunningham AL, Godeaux O, Chlibek R et al. Efficiacy of an adjuvanted Herpes Zoster Subunit vaccşne in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(22):2087-2096 43. Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Saraiya M, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2014; 63(No.RR- 05):1-30. 44. de Sanjosé S, Alemany L, Ordi J, et al. Worldwide human papillomavirus genotype attribution in over 2000 cases of intraepithelial and invasive lesions of the vulva. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3450
  25. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion no. 588: Human Papillomavirus vaccination. Erişim. http://www.acog.org/-/media/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on- Adolescent-Health Care/co588.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 29.4.2015 46. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves Gardasil 9 for prevention of certain cancers caused by five additional types of HPV. Erişim. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ ucm426485.htm. Erişim tarihi: 29.4.2015
  26. Petrovsky E, Bocchini JA, Hariri S, Chesson H et al. Use of 9-Valent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine: Updated HPV Vaccination Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR,2015;64(11): 300-304 48. Leah M. Smith LM, Strumpf EC, Kaufman JS, Lofters A et al. The Early Benefits of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination on Cervical Dysplasia and Anogenital Warts. Pediatrics 2015;135(5):e1132- e1144 49. CDC. Guidelines for Vaccinating Pregnant Women. Erişim. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/preg-guide.htm. Erişim tarihi: 29.4.2015 50. Chu HY, Englund JA. Maternal immunization. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:560
  27. Keller-Stanislawski B, Englund JA, Kang G, et al. Safety of immunization during pregnancy: a review of the evidence of selected inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 32:7057
  28. Forsyth K, Plotkin S, Tan T, Von Konig CHW, Strategies to decrease Pertussis Transmission to infants. Pediatrics 2015;135(6);e1475-e1482
  29. MacDonald NE, McDonald JC. Canadian Paediatric Society Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee, The benefits of influenza vaccine in pregnancy for the fetus and the infant younger than six months of age. Paediatr Child Health 2014;19(9):e121-22 54. Brydak LB, Nitsch-Osuch A. Vaccination against influenza in pregnant women. Acta Biochimica Polonica 2014;61(3):589-91
  30. Steinhoff MC, Omer SB. A review of fetal and infant protection associated with antenatal influenza immunization. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2012, suplement 56. Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, et al. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:e44
  31. Hibberd PA, Boeck M, Poplack DG, Thorner AR. Immunizations in patients with cancer. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/immunizations- in-patients-with-cancer
  32. DanzigerIsakov L, Kumar D, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Vaccination in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13 Suppl 4:311
  33. Centers for Disease Control (U.S). Advice for travelers. Treat Guidel Med Lett 2009; 7:83
  34. World Health organizatıon. International travel and health erişim. http://www.who.int/ith/links/national_links/en/ Erişim tarihi: 29.4.2015 61
  35. CDC. Yellow Book Erişim: Homepage.http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/ page/yellowbookhome2014. Erişim tarihi 27.04.2015 62. Turhan Ö, Polat HH, Öncel S, Akcan Aet al. Pneumococcal Vaccination Status in Adults Sixty-Five Years and Older, Kuwait Medical Journal 2010; 42 (2): 135-138 63. Zeybek Y, Tokalak İ, Boyacıoğlu S. Altmış beş yaş ve üzeri erişkinlerde aşılanma Durumu. Türk Geriatri Dergisi 2004; 7 (3): 152-154
  36. Aşık Z, Çakmak T, Bilgili P. Erişkinlerin erişkinlik dönemi aşıları hakkındaki bilgi, tutum ve davranışları, Türk Aile Hek Derg 2013;17(3):113-118 1. National Foundation for İnfectious Diseases. Adult Vaccination Saves Lives. 2012. Erişim: www.adultvaccination.org/resources/ctaadult. pdf. Erişim tarihi 15.04.2015
  37. Healthy People 2020. Erişim. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics- objectives/topic/immunization-and-infectious-diseases Erişim tarihi: 09.04. 2015
  38. Global Vaccine Action Plan, World Health Organization 2013, The Sixtyfifth World Health Assembly 4. Orenstein WA, Atkinson WL. Immunisation in Goldman L, Schafer AI et al (ed) Goldman's Cecil Medicine 24.th ed. Elservier Saunders Philadelphia 2012 pp. 63-75:16 5. Parkins MD, McNeil SA, Laupland KB. Routine immunization of adults in Canada: Review of the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases and current recommendations for primary prevention. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2009;20(3):e81-e91 6. Sinclair D, Walker T. International Longevity Center. Adult Vaccination: A Key Component Of Healthy Ageing. The Benefits Of Life-Course immunisation İn Europe, 2013. Erişim: http://www.ilcuk.org.uk/ images/uploads/publication-pdfs/Adult_vaccination_-_a_key_component_ of_health_ageing.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 09.04. 2015
  39. Ward JI, Cherry JD, Chang S-J, Partridge S. Efficacy of an Acellular Pertussis Vaccine among Adolescents and Adults. N Engl J Med, 353;15:1555-64 8. Measles Outbreaks Include Unvaccinated Healthcare Workers. Medscape. May 29, 2015
  40. WHO recommendations for routine immunization - summary tables.
  41. CDC. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States – 2016 erişim: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/ adult/adult-combined-schedule.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 09.04. 2015
  42. Kim DK, Bridges CB, Harriman KH, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Advisory committee on immunization practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older: United States, 2015. Ann Intern Med 2015; 162:214
  43. Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadıan Immunization Guide 2014 erişim
  44. Poland GA, Borrud A, Jacobson RM, et al. Determination of deltoid fat pad thickness. Implications for needle length in adult immunization. JAMA 1997; 277:1709 14. Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, et al. Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of theNomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003. J Allergy ClinImmunol 2004; 113:832
  45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Tetanus surveillance United States, 2001-2008.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011; 60:365
  46. Mertsola J, Van Der Meeren O, He Q, et al. Decennial administration of a reduced antigen content diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine in young adults. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:656
  47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccines and Immunizations. Pertussis. Epidemiology and 18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated Recommendations for Use of TetanusToxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccine in Adults Aged 65 Years and Older Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Morta Wkly Rep 2012; 61:468
  48. Liu BC, McIntyre P, Kaldor JM, et al. Pertussis in older adults: prospective study of risk factors and morbidity. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1450 20. Maple PA, Efstratiou A, George RC, et al. Diphtheria immunity in UK blood donors. Lancet 1995;345:963
  49. CDC Vaccination Coverage in the U.S. Erişim: http://www.cdc.gov/ vaccines/imzmanagers/ coverage/imzcoverage.html Erişim tarihi: 27.04.2015 22. Thwaites CL, Beeching NJ, Newton CR. Maternal and neonatal tetanus. Lancet 2015; 385:362
  50. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases. Documentationand Verification of Measles, Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Elimination in the Region of theAmericas: United States National Report, March 28, 2012. Erişim: http://www.cdc.gov/measles/downloads/Reporteliminationmeaslesrubellacrs. pdf Erişim tarihi 27.4.2015 24. Clemmons NS, Gastanaduy PA, Fiebelkorn AP, Redd SB, Wallace GS. Measles — United States, January 4–April 2, 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2015;64(14):373-376
  51. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Fiore AE, Wasley A, Bell BP. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55:1 46 www.kliniktipdergisi.com 26. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the AdvisoryCommittee on Immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2007; 56
  52. Xu Z-Y, Wang X-Y. Live attenuated hepatitis A vaccines developed in China. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2014;10(3): 659–666 28. WHO. Weekly epidemiological record. Live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire, No 30, 2010 pp:289-90 29. Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11:97
  53. Akdeniz M, Mevsim G. Gripte Güncel Gelişmeler. Klinik Tıp Aile Hekimliği 2015: 2015;7(2): 7-15 31. WHO, Candidate vaccine viruses and potency testing reagents for development and production of vaccines for use in the northern hemisphere 2015-2016 influenza season. Erişim: http://www.who.int/influenza/ vaccines/virus/candidates_reagents/2015_16_north/eInfluenza. Erişim tarihi: 27.4.2015 32. Glezen WP. Clinical practice. Prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2579
  54. ACIP Releases Updated Recommendations on Influenza Vaccination to Include the 2014–2015 Season. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(8):584-587
  55. Benowitz I, Esposito DB, Gracey KD, Shapiro ED, Va´zquez M. Influenza Vaccine Given to Pregnant Women Reduces Hospitalization Due to Influenza in Their Infants. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010; 51(12):1355–1361 35. DiazGranados CA, Dunning AJ, Kimmel M, Kirby D at al. Efficacy of High-Dose versus Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:635-645 36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 13th Edition, 2015. Pneumococcal disease http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/ pneumo.pdf 37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Licensure of 13valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for adults aged 50 years and older. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012; 61:394
  56. Tomczyk S, Bennett NM, Stoecker C, et al. Use of 13valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged ≥65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014; 63:822
  57. Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:2271
  58. Morrison VA, Johnson GR, Schmader KE, et al. Longterm Persistence of Zoster Vaccine Efficacy. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60:900
  59. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Herpes Zoster Vaccination. Erişim. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/shingles/hcpvaccination. htm. Erişim tarihi: 27.4.2015 42. Lal H, Cunningham AL, Godeaux O, Chlibek R et al. Efficiacy of an adjuvanted Herpes Zoster Subunit vaccşne in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(22):2087-2096 43. Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Saraiya M, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2014; 63(No.RR- 05):1-30. 44. de Sanjosé S, Alemany L, Ordi J, et al. Worldwide human papillomavirus genotype attribution in over 2000 cases of intraepithelial and invasive lesions of the vulva. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3450
  60. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion no. 588: Human Papillomavirus vaccination. Erişim. http://www.acog.org/-/media/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on- Adolescent-Health Care/co588.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 29.4.2015 46. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves Gardasil 9 for prevention of certain cancers caused by five additional types of HPV. Erişim. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ ucm426485.htm. Erişim tarihi: 29.4.2015
  61. Petrovsky E, Bocchini JA, Hariri S, Chesson H et al. Use of 9-Valent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine: Updated HPV Vaccination Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR,2015;64(11): 300-304 48. Leah M. Smith LM, Strumpf EC, Kaufman JS, Lofters A et al. The Early Benefits of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination on Cervical Dysplasia and Anogenital Warts. Pediatrics 2015;135(5):e1132- e1144 49. CDC. Guidelines for Vaccinating Pregnant Women. Erişim. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/preg-guide.htm. Erişim tarihi: 29.4.2015 50. Chu HY, Englund JA. Maternal immunization. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:560
  62. Keller-Stanislawski B, Englund JA, Kang G, et al. Safety of immunization during pregnancy: a review of the evidence of selected inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 32:7057
  63. Forsyth K, Plotkin S, Tan T, Von Konig CHW, Strategies to decrease Pertussis Transmission to infants. Pediatrics 2015;135(6);e1475-e1482
  64. MacDonald NE, McDonald JC. Canadian Paediatric Society Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee, The benefits of influenza vaccine in pregnancy for the fetus and the infant younger than six months of age. Paediatr Child Health 2014;19(9):e121-22 54. Brydak LB, Nitsch-Osuch A. Vaccination against influenza in pregnant women. Acta Biochimica Polonica 2014;61(3):589-91
  65. Steinhoff MC, Omer SB. A review of fetal and infant protection associated with antenatal influenza immunization. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2012, suplement 56. Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, et al. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:e44
  66. Hibberd PA, Boeck M, Poplack DG, Thorner AR. Immunizations in patients with cancer. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/immunizations- in-patients-with-cancer
  67. DanzigerIsakov L, Kumar D, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Vaccination in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13 Suppl 4:311
  68. Centers for Disease Control (U.S). Advice for travelers. Treat Guidel Med Lett 2009; 7:83
  69. World Health organizatıon. International travel and health erişim. http://www.who.int/ith/links/national_links/en/ Erişim tarihi: 29.4.2015 61
  70. CDC. Yellow Book Erişim: Homepage.http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/ page/yellowbookhome2014. Erişim tarihi 27.04.2015 62. Turhan Ö, Polat HH, Öncel S, Akcan Aet al. Pneumococcal Vaccination Status in Adults Sixty-Five Years and Older, Kuwait Medical Journal 2010; 42 (2): 135-138 63. Zeybek Y, Tokalak İ, Boyacıoğlu S. Altmış beş yaş ve üzeri erişkinlerde aşılanma Durumu. Türk Geriatri Dergisi 2004; 7 (3): 152-154
  71. Aşık Z, Çakmak T, Bilgili P. Erişkinlerin erişkinlik dönemi aşıları hakkındaki bilgi, tutum ve davranışları, Türk Aile Hek Derg 2013;17(3):113-118