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Dergiler / Veterinary Sciences and Practices / 2026 / Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1

Koyun Babeziozisinde Plazma Arginaz, Gelsolin ve Sistatin C Arasında Olası Potansiyel Biyobelirteç Tayini: Parazitemi Oranına Göre

Determination of Possible Potential Biomarker Between Plasma Arginase, Gelsolin and Cystatin C in Sheep Babesiosis: Based on Parasitemia Rate

Kaveh Azimzadeh(Young Researcher and Elite Club, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran)
Mortaza Mahan(Department of Parasitology, Medicine Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey)
Negar Zamani Hergalanı0000-0002-4919-1704
Tohid Zahed(3Student of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran)0000-0002-0530-2935
Sayfa
1–7
Yayın Tarihi
2019-04-28
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⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Akut babeziosisli koyunlar, kırmızı kan hücrelerinde Piroplazma formlarının görülmesi ve klinik bulgulara göre belirlendi.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

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Amaç & Hipotez:Bu çalışmanın amacı, koyun babeziosisinde arginaz aktivitesi, gelsolin (GLS) ve sistatin c (Cys c) seviyelerini ve potansiyel biyobelirteç tespitini incelemektir.
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Temel Bulgular & Veri:Sonuçlar, arginaz ve Cys c'de anlamlı bir artış (P<0.01) ve sağlıklı gruba kıyasla farklı parazitemi oranlarında GLS seviyelerinde anlamlı düşüş (P<0.01) gösterdi.
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Sonuç & Katkı:Akut babeziosisli koyunlar, kırmızı kan hücrelerinde Piroplazma formlarının görülmesi ve klinik bulgulara göre belirlendi.
🔬Tür:Uygulamalı Anket & Alan Araştırması
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Biyokimyasal parametreler · Koyun Babeziosis · Potansiyel biyomarker

Özet

Bu çalışmanın amacı, koyun babeziosisinde arginaz aktivitesi, gelsolin (GLS) ve sistatin c (Cys c) seviyelerini ve potansiyel biyobelirteç tespitini incelemektir. Patojen kan parazitleri olan Babesia türleri, hayvancılık yönetiminde ekonomik sorunlara neden olur. Yayımlanan birçok çalışmada babeziosis kaynaklı biyokimyasal parametreler önerilmiş, ancak hiç kimse bu parametrelerdeki duyarlılık ve özgüllüğü ve değişiklikleri açıklığa kavuşturmamıştır. Akut babeziosisli koyunlar, kırmızı kan hücrelerinde Piroplazma formlarının görülmesi ve klinik bulgulara göre belirlendi. Yirmibeş adet enfekte ve aynı sayıda sağlıklı koyunlardan alınan kan örneklemesinden sonra, yukardaki parametreler plazmada ölçüldü. Sonuçlar, arginaz ve Cys c'de anlamlı bir artış (P<0.01) ve sağlıklı gruba kıyasla farklı parazitemi oranlarında GLS seviyelerinde anlamlı düşüş (P<0.01) gösterdi. Sonuç olarak, koyun babeziosis'inin özellikle böbreklerde (Cys c'nin yüksek olması nedeniyle) hücresel hasara neden olduğunu ve yüksek arginaz aktivitesinin Babesia ovis proliferasyon sürecinde önemli bir faktör olarak olarak göz önünde bulundurulabileceğini göstermiştir. Son olarak, GLS 'den farklı parazitemi oranlarında CYS c ve arginaz 'nin yüksek duyarlılığı, koyun Babeziosis 'in potansiyel biyomarkeri olarak göz önünde bulundurulabilir.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assay arginase activity, gelsolin (GLS) and cystatin c (Cys c) levels and determination of potential biomarker in sheep babesiosis. The Babesia genus as pathogen blood parasites causes economic problems in livestock management. Many published studies have suggested babesiosis-induced biochemical parameters, but no one have determined those parameters alterations and clarification of sensitivity and specificity. Sheep with acute babesiosis were identified based on clinical signs and the observation of Piroplasm forms in red blood cells. After blood sampling from 25 infected and same number healthy sheep, above parameters measured in plasma. The results indicated significant increase (P<0.01) in arginase and Cys c and significant decreases (P<0.01) in the levels of GLS in different parasitemia rates compared with healthy group. In conclusion, the results suggested that sheep babesiosis causes cellular damage especially in kidney (owing to high level of Cys c) and high arginase activity can be considered as one of essential factor in Babesia ovis proliferation process. Finally, high sensitivity of Cys c and arginase in the different parasitemia rates than GLS could be clarified as potential biomarker of sheep babesiosis.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Azimzadeh, K., Mahan, M., Hergalanı, N. Z., Zahed, T. (2019). Koyun Babeziozisinde Plazma Arginaz, Gelsolin ve Sistatin C Arasında Olası Potansiyel Biyobelirteç Tayini: Parazitemi Oranına Göre. Veterinary Sciences and Practices, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.17094/ataunivbd.367320

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Kaynakça (88)

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  2. Yur F., Yazar M., Değer Y., Dede S., 2010. Na+/K+ ATPase activity in sheep with natural babesiosis. Acta Vet Brno, 79, 233-236
  3. Razmi GR., Naghibi A., Aslani MR., Dastjerdi K., Hosseini H., 2003. An epidemiological study on Babesia infection in small ruminants in Mashhad suburb, Khorasan province, Iran. Small Rumin Res, 50, 39-44
  4. Alani AJ., Herbert IV., 1988. The pathogenesis of Babesia motasi (Wales) infection in sheep. Vet Parasitol, 27, 209-220
  5. Apaydin B., Dede S., 2010. Electrophoretic profile of serum protein fractions from sheep naturally infected with Babesia ovis. Rev Med Vet, 161, 57-60
  6. Shen K., Ji Y., Chen GQ., Huang B., Zhang X., Wu S., Yu GP., Wang XC., 2011. Expression and clinical significance of the NDA repair enzyme MYH in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Ther Med, 2, 1117 1120
  7. Cederbaum SD., Yu H., Grody WW., Kern RM., Yoo P., Iyer RK., 2004. Arginases I and II: do their functions overlap? Mol Genet Metab 81 (Suppl 1): S38 S44
  8. Jenkinson CP., Grody WW., Cederbaum SD., 1996. Comparative properties of arginase. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 114, 107 132
  9. Na S., Kim OS., Ryoo S., Kweon TD., Choi YS., Shim HS., Oh YJ., 2014. Cervical ganglion block attenuates the progression of pulmonary hypertension via nitric oxide and arginase pathways. Hypertension, 63, 309 315
  10. Yang J., Gonon AT., Sjöquist PO., Lundberg JO., Pernow J., 2013. Arginase regulates red blood cell nitric oxide synthase and export of cardioprotective nitric oxide bioactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 110: 15049 15054
  11. Grohmann U., Bronte V., 2010. Control of immune response by amino acid metabolism. Immunol Rev, 236, 243–264
  12. Fairlamb AH., Cerami A., 1992. Metabolism and functions of trypanothione in the Kinetoplastida. Annu. Rev. Microbiol, 46, 695–729
  13. Durante W., Johnson FK., Johnson RA., 2007. Arginase: A critical regulator of nitric oxide synthesis and vascular function. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 34(9), 906–911
  14. Young CL., Feierstein A., Southwick FS., 1994. Calcium regulation of actin filament capping and monomer binding by macrophage capping protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(19), 13997-14002
  15. Hui QS., Masaya Y., Marisan M., Yin HL., 1999. Gelsolin, a Multifunctional Actin Regulatory Protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 33179-33182
  16. Hu Y., Li H., Li WH., Meng HX., Fan YZ., 2013. The value of decreased plasma gelsolin levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in diagnosis and disease activity evaluation. Lupus, 22(14), 1455-1461
  17. Marrocco C., Rinalducci S., Mohamadkhani A., D'Amici GM., Zolla L., 2010. Plasma gelsolin protein: a candidate biomarker for hepatitis B-associated liver cirrhosis identified by proteomic approach. Blood Transfusion, 8(3), 105-112
  18. DiNubile M., Antin J., Bressler S., Stossel T., Ferrara J., 1998. Decreased gelsolin levels are associated with interstitial pneumonia after allogeneic BMT. Blood, 92, 683a
  19. Smith DB., Janmey PA., Sherwood JA., Howard RJ., Lind SE., 1988. Decreased plasma gelsolin levels in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a consequence of hemolysis? Blood, 72(1), 214-218
  20. Villa P., Jiménez M., Soriano MC., Manzanares J., Casasnovas P., 2005. Serum cystatin C concentration as a marker of acute renal dysfunction in critically ill patients. Critical Care, 9, 139-143
  21. Filler G., Bokenkamp A, Hofmann W., Le Bricon T., Martinez-Bru C., 2005. Cystatin C as a marker of GFR-history, indications, and future research. Clin Biochem, 38, 1–8
  22. Antognoni MT., Siepi D., Porciello F., Rueca F., Fruganti G., 2007. Serum Cystatin-C Evaluation in Dogs Affected by Different Diseases Associated or Not with Renal Insufficiency. Vet Res Commun, 31(1), 269-271
  23. Lassus J., Harjola VP., 2012. Cystatin C. a step forward in assessing kidney function and cardiovascular risk. Heart Failure Reviews, 17, 251–261
  24. Herget-Rosenthal S., Bökenkamp A., Hofmann W., 2007. How to estimate GFR-serum creatinine, serum cystatin C or equations? Clin Biochem, 40, 153–161
  25. Bostom AG., Gohh RY., Bausserman L., Hakas D., Jacques PF., 1999. Serum Cystatin C as a Determinant of Fasting Total Homocysteine Levels in Renal Transplant Recipients with a Normal Serum Creatinine. J Am Society Nephrol, 10, 164–166
  26. Jensen AL., Bomholt M., Moe L., 2001. Preliminary evaluation of a particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) for the determination of serum cystatin C-like immunoreactivity in dogs. Vet Clin Path, 30(2), 86-90
  27. Almy FS., Christopher MM., King DP., Brown SA., 2002. Evaluation of cystatin C as an endogenous marker of glomerular filtration rate in dogs. J Vet Intern Med, 16(1), 45-51
  28. Sevinc F., Turgut K., Sevinc M., 2007. Therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate on experimental Babesia ovis infection of lambs. Vet Parasitol, 149, 65-71
  29. Azimzadeh K., Nouri K., Farooghi H., Rasouli S., Zamani N., 2013. Plasma malondialdehyde, thyroid hormones and some blood profiles in ovine Babesiosis. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 19, 489–493
  30. Goddard A., Leisewitz AL., Kjelgaard-Hansen M., Kristensen AT., Schoeman JP., 2016. Excessive Pro-Inflammatory Serum Cytokine Concentrations in Virulent Canine Babesiosis. PLoS ONE, 11(3), e0150113
  31. Esmaeilnejad B., Tavassoli M., Siamak Asri-Rezaei., 2012. Investigation of hematological and biochemical parameters in small ruminants naturally infected with Babesia ovis. Vet Res Forum, 3(1), 31–36
  32. Gobert A., Daulouede S., Lepoivre M., Boucher J., Bouteille B., Buguet A., Cespuglio R., Veyret B., Vincendeau P., 2000. L-Arginine availability modulates local nitric oxide production and parasite killing in experimental trypanosomiasis. Infect Immun, 68, 4653– 4657
  33. Duleu S., Vincendeau P., Courtois P., Semballa S., Lagroye I., Daulouède S., Boucher J., 2004. Mouse strain susceptibility to trypanosome infection: an arginase-dependent effect. J Immunol 172, 6298–6303
  34. Sandalova E., Laccabue D., Boni C., Watanabe T., Tan A., Zong HZ., Ferrari C., 2012. Increased levels of arginase in patients with acute hepatitis B suppress antiviral T cells. Gastroenterology, 143, 78–87
  35. Abebe T., Hailu A., Woldeyes M., Mekonen W., Bilcha K., Cloke T., Fry L., 2012. Local increase of arginase activity in lesions of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 6, e1684
  36. De Boniface J., Mao Y., Schmidt-Mende J., Kiessling R., Poschke I., 2012. Expression patterns of the immunomodulatory enzyme arginase I in blood, lymph nodes and tumor tissue of early-stage breast cancer patients. Oncoimmunology, 1, 1305–1312
  37. Perez G., Olivares IM., Rodriguez MG., Ceballos GM., Garcia Sanchez JR., 2012. Arginase activity in patients with breast cancer: an analysis of plasma, tumors, and its relationship with the presence of the estrogen receptor. Onkologie, 35, 570 –574
  38. Mei L., Zheng S., Shengbin X., Enyun S., 2014. Predictive value of serum gelsolin in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related chronic liver disease. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(20), 4640-4645
  39. Zhao DQ., Wang K., Zhang HD., Li YJ., 2013. Significant reduction of plasma gelsolin levels in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Clinica Chimica Acta, 415, 202-206
  40. Pasa S., Bayramli G., Atasoy A., Karul A., Ertug S., Ozensoy Toz S., 2009. Evaluation of serum cystatin-C in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Veterinary Research Communications, 33(6), 529-534
  41. Pekmezci D., Guzel M., Yildirim A., Ciftci G., Pekmezci G.Z., Tutuncu, M., 2015a. Evaluation of serum cystatin-C concentrations in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Ankara Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 62(4), 303-306
  42. Pekmezci D., Ural K., Aysul N., Guzel M., Ciftci G., (2015b). Assessment of renal function using canine cystatin- C levels in canine babesiosis and ehrlichiosis. Acta Veterinaria-Beograd, 65(1), 56-65
  43. Azimzadeh K., Izadmehr S., 2017. Evaluation of plasma hepcidin, cystatin c and gelsolin in ovine Theileriosis (Ghezel breed) based on age and parasitemia rate. Journal of veterinary clinical pathology, 11(1), 1-11
  44. Ahi S., Meram I., Ozdemir Y., 1999. Human serum arginase activity was measured by a sensitive enzyme properties and development of the method. Erciyes Medical Journal, 21, 3-9
  45. Rahbari S., Nabian S., Khaki Z., Alidadi N., Ashrafihelan J., 2008. Clinical, haematologic and pathologic aspects of experimental ovine babesiosis in Iran. Iran J Vet Res, 9, 59-64
  46. Yur F., Yazar M., Değer Y., Dede S., 2010. Na+/K+ ATPase activity in sheep with natural babesiosis. Acta Vet Brno, 79, 233-236
  47. Razmi GR., Naghibi A., Aslani MR., Dastjerdi K., Hosseini H., 2003. An epidemiological study on Babesia infection in small ruminants in Mashhad suburb, Khorasan province, Iran. Small Rumin Res, 50, 39-44
  48. Alani AJ., Herbert IV., 1988. The pathogenesis of Babesia motasi (Wales) infection in sheep. Vet Parasitol, 27, 209-220
  49. Apaydin B., Dede S., 2010. Electrophoretic profile of serum protein fractions from sheep naturally infected with Babesia ovis. Rev Med Vet, 161, 57-60
  50. Shen K., Ji Y., Chen GQ., Huang B., Zhang X., Wu S., Yu GP., Wang XC., 2011. Expression and clinical significance of the NDA repair enzyme MYH in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Ther Med, 2, 1117 1120
  51. Cederbaum SD., Yu H., Grody WW., Kern RM., Yoo P., Iyer RK., 2004. Arginases I and II: do their functions overlap? Mol Genet Metab 81 (Suppl 1): S38 S44
  52. Jenkinson CP., Grody WW., Cederbaum SD., 1996. Comparative properties of arginase. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 114, 107 132
  53. Na S., Kim OS., Ryoo S., Kweon TD., Choi YS., Shim HS., Oh YJ., 2014. Cervical ganglion block attenuates the progression of pulmonary hypertension via nitric oxide and arginase pathways. Hypertension, 63, 309 315
  54. Yang J., Gonon AT., Sjöquist PO., Lundberg JO., Pernow J., 2013. Arginase regulates red blood cell nitric oxide synthase and export of cardioprotective nitric oxide bioactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 110: 15049 15054
  55. Grohmann U., Bronte V., 2010. Control of immune response by amino acid metabolism. Immunol Rev, 236, 243–264
  56. Fairlamb AH., Cerami A., 1992. Metabolism and functions of trypanothione in the Kinetoplastida. Annu. Rev. Microbiol, 46, 695–729
  57. Durante W., Johnson FK., Johnson RA., 2007. Arginase: A critical regulator of nitric oxide synthesis and vascular function. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 34(9), 906–911
  58. Young CL., Feierstein A., Southwick FS., 1994. Calcium regulation of actin filament capping and monomer binding by macrophage capping protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(19), 13997-14002
  59. Hui QS., Masaya Y., Marisan M., Yin HL., 1999. Gelsolin, a Multifunctional Actin Regulatory Protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 33179-33182
  60. Hu Y., Li H., Li WH., Meng HX., Fan YZ., 2013. The value of decreased plasma gelsolin levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in diagnosis and disease activity evaluation. Lupus, 22(14), 1455-1461
  61. Marrocco C., Rinalducci S., Mohamadkhani A., D'Amici GM., Zolla L., 2010. Plasma gelsolin protein: a candidate biomarker for hepatitis B-associated liver cirrhosis identified by proteomic approach. Blood Transfusion, 8(3), 105-112
  62. DiNubile M., Antin J., Bressler S., Stossel T., Ferrara J., 1998. Decreased gelsolin levels are associated with interstitial pneumonia after allogeneic BMT. Blood, 92, 683a
  63. Smith DB., Janmey PA., Sherwood JA., Howard RJ., Lind SE., 1988. Decreased plasma gelsolin levels in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a consequence of hemolysis? Blood, 72(1), 214-218
  64. Villa P., Jiménez M., Soriano MC., Manzanares J., Casasnovas P., 2005. Serum cystatin C concentration as a marker of acute renal dysfunction in critically ill patients. Critical Care, 9, 139-143
  65. Filler G., Bokenkamp A, Hofmann W., Le Bricon T., Martinez-Bru C., 2005. Cystatin C as a marker of GFR-history, indications, and future research. Clin Biochem, 38, 1–8
  66. Antognoni MT., Siepi D., Porciello F., Rueca F., Fruganti G., 2007. Serum Cystatin-C Evaluation in Dogs Affected by Different Diseases Associated or Not with Renal Insufficiency. Vet Res Commun, 31(1), 269-271
  67. Lassus J., Harjola VP., 2012. Cystatin C. a step forward in assessing kidney function and cardiovascular risk. Heart Failure Reviews, 17, 251–261
  68. Herget-Rosenthal S., Bökenkamp A., Hofmann W., 2007. How to estimate GFR-serum creatinine, serum cystatin C or equations? Clin Biochem, 40, 153–161
  69. Bostom AG., Gohh RY., Bausserman L., Hakas D., Jacques PF., 1999. Serum Cystatin C as a Determinant of Fasting Total Homocysteine Levels in Renal Transplant Recipients with a Normal Serum Creatinine. J Am Society Nephrol, 10, 164–166
  70. Jensen AL., Bomholt M., Moe L., 2001. Preliminary evaluation of a particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) for the determination of serum cystatin C-like immunoreactivity in dogs. Vet Clin Path, 30(2), 86-90
  71. Almy FS., Christopher MM., King DP., Brown SA., 2002. Evaluation of cystatin C as an endogenous marker of glomerular filtration rate in dogs. J Vet Intern Med, 16(1), 45-51
  72. Sevinc F., Turgut K., Sevinc M., 2007. Therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate on experimental Babesia ovis infection of lambs. Vet Parasitol, 149, 65-71
  73. Azimzadeh K., Nouri K., Farooghi H., Rasouli S., Zamani N., 2013. Plasma malondialdehyde, thyroid hormones and some blood profiles in ovine Babesiosis. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 19, 489–493
  74. Goddard A., Leisewitz AL., Kjelgaard-Hansen M., Kristensen AT., Schoeman JP., 2016. Excessive Pro-Inflammatory Serum Cytokine Concentrations in Virulent Canine Babesiosis. PLoS ONE, 11(3), e0150113
  75. Esmaeilnejad B., Tavassoli M., Siamak Asri-Rezaei., 2012. Investigation of hematological and biochemical parameters in small ruminants naturally infected with Babesia ovis. Vet Res Forum, 3(1), 31–36
  76. Gobert A., Daulouede S., Lepoivre M., Boucher J., Bouteille B., Buguet A., Cespuglio R., Veyret B., Vincendeau P., 2000. L-Arginine availability modulates local nitric oxide production and parasite killing in experimental trypanosomiasis. Infect Immun, 68, 4653– 4657
  77. Duleu S., Vincendeau P., Courtois P., Semballa S., Lagroye I., Daulouède S., Boucher J., 2004. Mouse strain susceptibility to trypanosome infection: an arginase-dependent effect. J Immunol 172, 6298–6303
  78. Sandalova E., Laccabue D., Boni C., Watanabe T., Tan A., Zong HZ., Ferrari C., 2012. Increased levels of arginase in patients with acute hepatitis B suppress antiviral T cells. Gastroenterology, 143, 78–87
  79. Abebe T., Hailu A., Woldeyes M., Mekonen W., Bilcha K., Cloke T., Fry L., 2012. Local increase of arginase activity in lesions of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 6, e1684
  80. De Boniface J., Mao Y., Schmidt-Mende J., Kiessling R., Poschke I., 2012. Expression patterns of the immunomodulatory enzyme arginase I in blood, lymph nodes and tumor tissue of early-stage breast cancer patients. Oncoimmunology, 1, 1305–1312
  81. Perez G., Olivares IM., Rodriguez MG., Ceballos GM., Garcia Sanchez JR., 2012. Arginase activity in patients with breast cancer: an analysis of plasma, tumors, and its relationship with the presence of the estrogen receptor. Onkologie, 35, 570 –574
  82. Mei L., Zheng S., Shengbin X., Enyun S., 2014. Predictive value of serum gelsolin in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related chronic liver disease. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(20), 4640-4645
  83. Zhao DQ., Wang K., Zhang HD., Li YJ., 2013. Significant reduction of plasma gelsolin levels in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Clinica Chimica Acta, 415, 202-206
  84. Pasa S., Bayramli G., Atasoy A., Karul A., Ertug S., Ozensoy Toz S., 2009. Evaluation of serum cystatin-C in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Veterinary Research Communications, 33(6), 529-534
  85. Pekmezci D., Guzel M., Yildirim A., Ciftci G., Pekmezci G.Z., Tutuncu, M., 2015a. Evaluation of serum cystatin-C concentrations in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Ankara Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 62(4), 303-306
  86. Pekmezci D., Ural K., Aysul N., Guzel M., Ciftci G., (2015b). Assessment of renal function using canine cystatin- C levels in canine babesiosis and ehrlichiosis. Acta Veterinaria-Beograd, 65(1), 56-65
  87. Azimzadeh K., Izadmehr S., 2017. Evaluation of plasma hepcidin, cystatin c and gelsolin in ovine Theileriosis (Ghezel breed) based on age and parasitemia rate. Journal of veterinary clinical pathology, 11(1), 1-11
  88. Ahi S., Meram I., Ozdemir Y., 1999. Human serum arginase activity was measured by a sensitive enzyme properties and development of the method. Erciyes Medical Journal, 21, 3-9.