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Dergiler / Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Tünel Açmanın Bir Binanın Oturmasına Etkisi: Sayısal Bir Yaklaşım

Effect of Tunnelling on Settlement of a Building: A Numerical Approach

Bayram Ateş(KARADENİZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-1251-7053
Erol Şadoğlu(KARADENIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-3757-5126
Sayfa
124–139
Yayın Tarihi
2025-06-30
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⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Sonuç olarak, tünel derinliği, tünel çapı, örtü kalınlığı ve temel genişliğinin killi zeminler üzerine inşa edilen binanın oturması üzerinde etkili parametreler olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

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Amaç & Hipotez:Nüfus artışına bağlı olarak yaşanan arazi sıkıntısı ve şehirlerin sürdürülebilir gelişimi, yeraltı ulaşım sistemlerinin kullanımını zorunlu hale getirmiştir.
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Temel Bulgular & Veri:Sayısal çalışmalar sırasında, killi zeminde tünel modellemesini oluşturmak için sonlu elemanlar yöntemine dayalı Plaxis 2D programı kullanılmıştır.
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Sonuç & Katkı:Sonuç olarak, tünel derinliği, tünel çapı, örtü kalınlığı ve temel genişliğinin killi zeminler üzerine inşa edilen binanın oturması üzerinde etkili parametreler olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
🔬Tür:Modelleme & Sayısal Simülasyon
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Tünel delme makinesi (TBM) · Zemin-yapı etkileşimi · Tünel açma

Özet

Nüfus artışına bağlı olarak yaşanan arazi sıkıntısı ve şehirlerin sürdürülebilir gelişimi, yeraltı ulaşım sistemlerinin kullanımını zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Çoğunlukla ulaşım sorunlarına çözüm sağlayan tüneller, günümüzde sıklıkla kullanılsa da büyük şehirlerde tünel yapımı önemli sorunlar teşkil etmektedir. Yapım yöntemi ne olursa olsun, tünel açma sırasında zeminde deformasyonlar kaçınılmazdır. Tünel açma makineleri, tünel yüzeyinin kazılması sırasında yüzeylere basınç uygular. Ancak inşaat aşamasında bu basınçlar doğru ayarlanmamakta ve zeminde deformasyonlar gözlenmektedir. Bu deformasyonlar zemin yüzeyine ulaştığında çevredeki yapılara büyük zararlar verebileceğinden, inşaat öncesinde ne kadar deformasyon oluşabileceği hesaplanmalı ve gerekli önlemler alınmalıdır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada zemin yüzeyindeki yapı temelinde oluşacak deformasyonların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda sayısal analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sayısal çalışmalar sırasında, killi zeminde tünel modellemesini oluşturmak için sonlu elemanlar yöntemine dayalı Plaxis 2D programı kullanılmıştır. Modellemede tünel açma sırasında bir tünel açma makinesi (TBM) kullanılmıştır. Geometrik modelde tünelin kazı çapı, örtü kalınlığı, temel genişliği ve tünel ekseninden yapı temeline olan episantrik mesafe analiz edilmiştir. Tünelin, yapının ve zeminin geometrik parametrelerinin yer değiştirmeler üzerindeki etkileri sayısal olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, tünel derinliği, tünel çapı, örtü kalınlığı ve temel genişliğinin killi zeminler üzerine inşa edilen binanın oturması üzerinde etkili parametreler olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Abstract

Land shortages due to population growth and the sustainable development of cities have necessitated the use of underground systems. Although tunnels, which mostly provide solutions to transport problems, are frequently used today, the construction of tunnels in large cities poses significant issues. Regardless of the construction method, deformations are inevitable during tunnelling. Tunnelling machines apply pressure to the surfaces during the excavation of the tunnel surface. However, during construction, the pressures are not adjusted correctly, and deformations are observed in the ground. Since these deformations may cause major damage to the surrounding structures when they reach the ground surface, it should be calculated how much deformation may occur before construction, and necessary precautions should be taken. Therefore, this study aims to define the deformations that will occur on the soil surface. In this context, numerical analyses were performed. During the numerical studies, Plaxis 2D based on finite element method (FEM), was used to create the tunnel modelling in the clayey soil. A tunnel boring machine (TBM) was used during tunnelling in the modelling. The excavation diameter of the tunnel, cover thickness, foundation width and epicentre distance from the tunnel axis to the structure foundation were analysed in the geometric model. The effects of the geometrical parameters of the tunnel, the building and the clay soil on the displacements were determined numerically. As a result, it was determined that tunnel depth, tunnel diameter, cover thickness and foundation width are effective parameters for settlement of buildings constructed on clay soils.

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Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Ateş, B., Şadoğlu, E. (2025). Tünel Açmanın Bir Binanın Oturmasına Etkisi: Sayısal Bir Yaklaşım. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 124–139. https://doi.org/10.53501/rteufemud.1550652

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