KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3

Acil Kurtarma İstasyonu Alan Seçimi için Veri Odaklı Metodoloji: Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Tabanlı Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yaklaşımı

Data-Driven Methodology for Emergency Rescue Station Placement: Geographic Information Systems based Multi Criteria Decision Making Approach

Ömer Kaya(ERZURUM TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-1037-5546
Sayfa
659–684
Yayın Tarihi
2025-12-31
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Sonuçlar, Erzurum'da, Yakutiye'de merkez üç ilçe arasında ERS'nin kesinlikle kurulması gerektiğini göstermektedir.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Kazaların neden olduğu zararları en aza indirmek için acil durum araçları olay yerine dağıtılmaktadır.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Kazaların öngörülemeyen oluşumu ve zamanlaması, dağıtımın stratejik gerçekleştirilmesinde karmaşık bir zorluk oluşturur.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Sonuçlar, Erzurum'da, Yakutiye'de merkez üç ilçe arasında ERS'nin kesinlikle kurulması gerektiğini göstermektedir.
🔬Tür:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Acil kurtarma istasyonu · acil yardım aracı · trafik kazası

Özet

Kazaların neden olduğu zararları en aza indirmek için acil durum araçları olay yerine dağıtılmaktadır. Kazaların öngörülemeyen oluşumu ve zamanlaması, dağıtımın stratejik gerçekleştirilmesinde karmaşık bir zorluk oluşturur. Mevcut sorunun üstesinden gelmek için bu çalışmada, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) tabanlı çok kriterli karar verme (ÇKKV) yöntemi ile acil kurtarma istasyonu (ERS) yer seçimi analizi sağlanmıştır. Bunu yapmak için üç adımlı bir çözüm metodolojisi geliştirilmiştir: (i) trafik kazalarının belirsizliğini daha iyi anlamak ve analiz etmek için kaza kara noktalarını dikkate alarak sekiz farklı kaza kategorisinin (AC) oluşturulması, (ii) En İyi-En Kötü-Yöntemi (BWM) kullanılarak AC'lerin ağırlık değerlerini belirlenmesi ve Çoklu Etki Faktörü (MIF) tekniği ile sosyal ve ulaşım kriterlerinin ağırlıklarını belirlenmesi, (iii) AC'lerin CBS ile mekansal analizinin yapılması ve potansiyel ERS'ler için uygunluk haritası elde edilmesi, (iv) olası kaza senaryosunda alternatif ERS'lerin atanması ve ERS'lerden acil durum araçlarının ağ analizinin yapılması. Önerilen metodoloji, Türkiye'nin en büyük yüzölçümüne sahip illerinden biri olan Erzurum için bir vaka çalışması olarak uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, Erzurum'da, Yakutiye'de merkez üç ilçe arasında ERS'nin kesinlikle kurulması gerektiğini göstermektedir.

Abstract

Emergency vehicles are distributed to the scene in order to minimize the damage caused by accidents. The unpredictable occurrence and timing of accidents generate a complex task in the strategic realization of distribution. To overcome the current problem, in thias study, site selection analysis of emergency rescue station (ERS) is provided by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method. To do so, a three-step solution methodology is developed: (i) creating eight different accident categories (AC) by taking into account the accident black spots in order to better understand and analyse the uncertainty occurrence of traffic accidents, (ii) determining the weight values of ACs using the Best-Worst-Method (BWM) and determining the weights of social and transportation criteria with Multi-Influence Factor (MIF) technique, (iii) spatial analysis of ACs via GIS and obtaining a suitability map for potential ERSs, (iv) assignment of alternative ERSs and network analysis of emergency vehicles from ERSs in possible accident scenario. The proposed methodology is applied for Erzurum, one of the provinces with the largest surface area in Türkiye as a case study. The results show that, in Erzurum, ERS must definitely be established in Yakutiye between the central three districts.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Kaya, Ö. (2025). Acil Kurtarma İstasyonu Alan Seçimi için Veri Odaklı Metodoloji: Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Tabanlı Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yaklaşımı. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 659–684. https://doi.org/10.53501/rteufemud.1611414

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (104)

  1. Alemdar, Kadir D., Kaya, Ö., Çodur, M. Y. 2020. "A GIS and microsimulation-based MCDA approach for evaluation of pedestrian crossings". Accident Analysis and Prevention, 148(October).
  2. Alemdar, Kadir Diler, Kaya, Ö., Çodur, M. Y., Campisi, T., Tesoriere, G. 2021. "Accessibility of vaccination centers in covid-19 outbreak control: A gis-based multi-criteria decision making approach". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(10).
  3. Altay, B. C., Boztas, A. E., Okumuş, A., Gul, M., Çelik, E. 2023. "How Will Autonomous Vehicles Decide in Case of an Accident? An Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Best–Worst Method for Weighting the Criteria from Moral Values Point of View". Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(11).
  4. Anke, J., Ringhand, M., Petzoldt, T., Gehlert, T. 2023. "Micro-mobility and road safety: why do e-scooter riders use the sidewalk? Evidence from a German field study". European Transport Research Review, 15(1), 29.
  5. ArcGIS Pro. 2021. "How inverse distance weighted interpolation works". Retrieved from https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/2.7/help/analysis/geostatistical-analyst/how-inverse-distance-weighted-interpolation-works.htm
  6. Ayfantopoulou, G., Salanova Grau, J. M., Maleas, Z., Siomos, A. 2022. "Micro-Mobility User Pattern Analysis and Station Location in Thessaloniki". Sustainability, 14(11), 6715.
  7. Bélanger, V., Lanzarone, E., Nicoletta, V., Ruiz, A., Soriano, P. 2020. "A recursive simulation-optimization framework for the ambulance location and dispatching problem". European Journal of Operational Research, 286(2), 713–725.
  8. Bozzi, A. D., Aguilera, A. 2021. "Shared E-Scooters: A Review of Uses, Health and Environmental Impacts, and Policy Implications of a New Micro-Mobility Service". Sustainability, 13(16), 8676.
  9. Carra, M., Pavesi, F. C., Barabino, B. 2023. "Sustainable cycle-tourism for society: Integrating multi-criteria decision-making and land use approaches for route selection". Sustainable Cities and Society, 99(April), 104905.
  10. Çetinkaya, C., Özceylan, E., Erbaş, M., Kabak, M. 2016. "GIS-based fuzzy MCDA approach for siting refugee camp: A case study for southeastern Turkey". International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 18, 218–231.
  11. Dargahi, F., Shamloo, J. I. 2023. "Investigating the realization of spatial justice based on multi-criteria decision-making methods in a metropolis in northwest Iran". Sustainable Cities and Society, 99(October), 104986.
  12. Darmoul, S., Elkosantini, S., Louati, A., Ben Said, L. 2017. "Multi-agent immune networks to control interrupted flow at signalized intersections". Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 82, 290–313.
  13. Davidson, J. H. 2023. "A Socio-Spatial Approach to Define Priority Areas for Bicycle Infrastructure Using Covid-19 Data". Sustainable Cities and Society, 99(July), 104883.
  14. Dengiz, O., Demirbağ Turan, İ., Özkan, B. 2019. "Erzurum İli Temel Coğrafi Özellikleri ve Potansiyel İşlemeli Tarım Alanı Varlığı". Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 50(2), 136–152.
  15. Deveci, M., Gokasar, I., Pamucar, D., Coffman, D., Papadonikolaki, E. 2022. "Safe E-scooter operation alternative prioritization using a q-rung orthopair Fuzzy Einstein based WASPAS approach". Journal of Cleaner Production, 347, 131239.
  16. Ding, J. F., Weng, J. H., Chou, C. C. 2023. "Assessment of key risk factors in the cold chain logistics operations of container carriers using best worst method". International Journal of Refrigeration, 153(June), 116–126.
  17. Doulabi, H. H., Pesant, G., Rousseau, L.-M. 2020. "Vehicle Routing Problems with Synchronized Visits and Stochastic Travel and Service Times: Applications in Healthcare". Transportation Science, 54(4).
  18. Duan, X. H., Wu, J. X., Xiong, Y. L. 2022. "Dynamic Emergency Vehicle Path Planning and Traffic Evacuation Based on Salp Swarm Algorithm". Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2022(1).
  19. Duan, X., Song, S., Zhao, J. 2015. "Emergency vehicle dispatching and redistribution in highway network based on bilevel programming". Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2015.
  20. Eslami, S., Noorollahi, Y., Marzband, M., Anvari-Moghaddam, A. 2023. "Integrating heat pumps into district heating systems: A multi-criteria decision analysis framework incorporating heat density and renewable energy mapping". Sustainable Cities and Society, 98(July), 104785.
  21. Esri. 2019. "What is GIS ?". Retrieved January 18, 2021, from https://www.esri.com/en-us/what-is-gis/overview
  22. Fazio, M., Giuffrida, N., Le Pira, M., Inturri, G., Ignaccolo, M. 2021. "Planning Suitable Transport Networks for E-Scooters to Foster Micromobility Spreading". Sustainability, 13(20), 11422.
  23. Gao, F., Wang, W., Bi, C., Bi, W., Zhang, A. 2023. "Prioritization of used aircraft acquisition criteria: A fuzzy best–worst method (BWM)-based approach". Journal of Air Transport Management, 107(January).
  24. GDS. 2023. "Traffic Statistics Bulletin".
  25. Gil-García, I. C., Ramos-Escudero, A., Molina-García, Á., Fernández-Guillamón, A. 2023. "GIS-based MCDM dual optimization approach for territorial-scale offshore wind power plants". Journal of Cleaner Production, 428, 139484.
  26. Guo, Zijian, Liu, J., Zhao, P., Li, A., Liu, X. 2023. "Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the shared e-scooter–public transport relationships in Stockholm and Helsinki". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 122, 103880.
  27. Guo, Ziyi, Wang, Y. 2023. "Anticipatory planning for equitable and productive curbside electric vehicle charging stations". Sustainable Cities and Society, 99(July), 104962.
  28. Hailiang, Z., Khokhar, M., Islam, T., Sharma, A. 2023. "A model for green-resilient supplier selection: fuzzy best–worst multi-criteria decision-making method and its applications". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(18), 54035–54058.
  29. Hajiali, M., Teimoury, E., Rabiee, M., Delen, D. 2022. "An interactive decision support system for real-time ambulance relocation with priority guidelines". Decision Support Systems, 155(December 2021), 113712.
  30. Hossain, M. M., Zhou, H., Das, S. 2023. "Data mining approach to explore emergency vehicle crash patterns: A comparative study of crash severity in emergency and non-emergency response modes". Accident Analysis and Prevention, 191(July), 107217.
  31. Jaber, A., Hamadneh, J., Csonka, B. 2023. "The Preferences of Shared Micro-Mobility Users in Urban Areas". IEEE Access, 11, 74458–74472.
  32. Jiang, F., Ma, L., Broyd, T., Chen, K., Luo, H., Pei, Y. 2022. "Sustainable road alignment planning in the built environment based on the MCDM-GIS method". Sustainable Cities and Society, 87(October), 104246.
  33. Jose, C., Vijula Grace, K. S. 2022. "Optimization based routing model for the dynamic path planning of emergency vehicles". Evolutionary Intelligence, 15(2), 1425–1439.
  34. Karakostas, P., Sifaleras, A., Georgiadis, M. C. 2020. "Adaptive variable neighborhood search solution methods for the fleet size and mix pollution location-inventory-routing problem". Expert Systems with Applications, 153.
  35. Kaya, Ö., Tortum, A., Alemdar, K. D., Çodur, M. Y. 2020. "Site selection for EVCS in Istanbul by GIS and multi-criteria decision-making". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 80.
  36. Kaya, Ömer. 2025a. "Designing green and safe micro mobility routes: An advanced geo-analytic decision system based approach to sustainable urban infrastructure". Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 64, 102027.
  37. Kaya, Ömer. 2025b. "Footprints of the Future: Cleaner and Faster Transportation with Shared E-Scooter Operational Models". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 14(1), 16.
  38. Kaya, Ömer. 2025c. "Photovoltaic mobile charging station for green infrastructure: A data-driven case study". Urban Climate, 60, 102358.
  39. Kaya, Ömer, Alemdar, K. D., Atalay, A., Çodur, M. Y., Tortum, A. 2022. "Electric car sharing stations site selection from the perspective of sustainability: A GIS-based multi-criteria decision making approach". Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 52(September 2021).
  40. Kaya, Ömer, Alemdar, K. D., Çodur, M. Y. 2020a. "A novel two stage approach for electric taxis charging station site selection". Sustainable Cities and Society, 62(June), 102396.
  41. Kaya, Ömer, Alemdar, K. D., Çodur, M. Y. 2020b. "A novel two stage approach for electric taxis charging station site selection". Sustainable Cities and Society, 62(April), 102396.
  42. Kazemzadeh, K., Sprei, F. 2022. "Towards an electric scooter level of service: A review and framework". Travel Behaviour and Society, 29, 149–164.
  43. Konurhan, Z., Yucesan, M., Gul, M. 2023. "Integrating stratified best–worst method and GIS for landslide susceptibility assessment: a case study in Erzurum province (Turkey)". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(53), 113978–114000.
  44. Kouaissah, N., Hocine, A. 2023. "XOR-best worst method and its assessment to COVID-19 sectorial impact". Annals of Operations Research.
  45. Lei, C., Lin, W. H., Miao, L. 2015. "A Stochastic Emergency Vehicle Redeployment Model for an Effective Response to Traffic Incidents". IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 16(2), 898–909.
  46. Li, A., Zhao, P., Liu, X., Mansourian, A., Axhausen, K. W., Qu, X. 2022. "Comprehensive comparison of e-scooter sharing mobility: Evidence from 30 European cities". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 105, 103229.
  47. Li, H., Yuan, Z., Novack, T., Huang, W., Zipf, A. 2022. "Understanding spatiotemporal trip purposes of urban micro-mobility from the lens of dockless e-scooter sharing". Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 96, 101848.
  48. Liang, F., Brunelli, M., Rezaei, J. 2020. "Consistency issues in the best worst method: Measurements and thresholds". Omega (United Kingdom), 96, 102175.
  49. Lyu, H.-M., Yin, Z.-Y. 2023. "An improved MCDM combined with GIS for risk assessment of multi-hazards in Hong Kong". Sustainable Cities and Society, 91, 104427.
  50. Lyu, H. M., Yin, Z. Y. 2023. "An improved MCDM combined with GIS for risk assessment of multi-hazards in Hong Kong". Sustainable Cities and Society, 91(December 2022), 104427.
  51. Maguire, B. J., Hunting, K. L., Smith, G. S., Levick, N. R. 2002. "Occupational fatalities in emergency medical services: A hidden crisis". Annals of Emergency Medicine, 40(6), 625–632.
  52. Majumder, P., Das, A., Hezam, I. M., Alshamrani, A., Aqlan, F. 2023. "Integrating trapezoidal fuzzy best–worst method and single-valued neutrosophic fuzzy MARCOS for efficiency analysis of surface water treatment plants". Soft Computing, 0123456789.
  53. Mandal, P., Saha, J., Bhattacharya, S., Paul, S. 2021. "Delineation of groundwater potential zones using the integration of geospatial and MIF techniques: A case study on Rarh region of West Bengal, India". Environmental Challenges, 5(July), 100396.
  54. Martindale, J. 2020. "Mapping and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)". Retrieved February 18, 2020, from https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/prf.php?account_id=55066
  55. Masoomi, B., Sahebi, I. G., Arab, A., Edalatpanah, S. A. 2023. "A neutrosophic enhanced best–worst method for performance indicators assessment in the renewable energy supply chain". Soft Computing, 0.
  56. Mi, X., Tang, M., Liao, H., Shen, W., Lev, B. 2019. "The state-of-the-art survey on integrations and applications of the best worst method in decision making: Why, what, what for and what’s next?". Omega (United Kingdom), 87, 205–225.
  57. Misra, S. K., Sharma, S. 2015. "Site Suitability Analysis for Urban Development:A Review". International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication, 3(6).
  58. Moreno-Solaz, H., Artacho-Ramírez, M. Á., Aragonés-Beltrán, P., Cloquell-Ballester, V. A. 2023. "Sustainable selection of waste collection trucks considering feasible future scenarios by applying the stratified best and worst method". Heliyon, 9(4).
  59. Moslem, S. 2023. "A Novel Parsimonious Best Worst Method for Evaluating Travel Mode Choice". IEEE Access, 11(February), 16768–16773.
  60. Mou, Q., Xu, Z., Liao, H. 2016. "An intuitionistic fuzzy multiplicative best-worst method for multi-criteria group decision making". Information Sciences, 374, 224–239.
  61. Mozaffari, M., Bemani, A., Erfani, M., Yarami, N., Siyahati, G. 2023. "Integration of LCSA and GIS-based MCDM for sustainable landfill site selection: a case study". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(4), 510.
  62. N P, J., Gopinath, G. 2018. "Groundwater suitability zonation with synchronized GIS and MCDM approach for urban and peri-urban phreatic aquifer ensemble of southern India". Urban Water Journal, 15(8), 801–811.
  63. Nadar, R. A., Jha, J. K., Thakkar, J. J. 2021. "Strategic location of ambulances under temporal variation in demand and travel time using variable neighbourhood search based approach". Computers and Industrial Engineering, 162(February), 107780.
  64. Nelas, J., Dias, J. 2020. "Optimal Emergency Vehicles Location: An approach considering the hierarchy and substitutability of resources". European Journal of Operational Research, 287(2), 583–599.
  65. Nguyen, V. L., Hwang, R. H., Lin, P. C. 2022. "Controllable Path Planning and Traffic Scheduling for Emergency Services in the Internet of Vehicles". IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 23(8), 12399–12413.
  66. Özceylan, E., Çetinkaya, C., Erbaş, M., Kabak, M. 2016. "Logistic performance evaluation of provinces in Turkey: A GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis". Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 94, 323–337.
  67. Patel, R., Mange, S., Mulik, S., Mehendale, N. 2022. "AI based emergency vehicle priority system". CCF Transactions on Pervasive Computing and Interaction, 4(3), 285–297.
  68. Pérez-Fernández, O., García-Palomares, J. C. 2021. "Parking Places to Moped-Style Scooter Sharing Services Using GIS Location-Allocation Models and GPS Data". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(4), 230.
  69. Population and Demography. 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2022, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=nufus-ve-demografi-109&dil=1
  70. Quesada-Ganuza, L., Garmendia, L., Alvarez, I., Roji, E. 2023. "Vulnerability assessment and categorization against heat waves for the Bilbao historic area". Sustainable Cities and Society, 98(July), 104805.
  71. Rane, Nitin L., Jayaraj, G. K. 2022. "Comparison of multi-influence factor, weight of evidence and frequency ratio techniques to evaluate groundwater potential zones of basaltic aquifer systems". Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(2), 2315–2344.
  72. Rane, Nitin Liladhar, Achari, A., Saha, A., Poddar, I., Rane, J., Pande, C. B., Roy, R. 2023. "An integrated GIS, MIF, and TOPSIS approach for appraising electric vehicle charging station suitability zones in Mumbai, India". Sustainable Cities and Society, 97(May), 104717.
  73. Rezaei, J. 2015. "Best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method". Omega (United Kingdom), 53, 49–57.
  74. Rezaei, J. 2016. "Best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method: Some properties and a linear model". Omega (United Kingdom), 64, 126–130.
  75. Rout, R. R., Vemireddy, S., Raul, S. K., Somayajulu, D. V. L. N. 2020. "Fuzzy logic-based emergency vehicle routing: An IoT system development for smart city applications". Computers and Electrical Engineering, 88(August), 106839.
  76. Saaty, T. L. 2008. "Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process". International Journal of Services Sciences, 1(1), 83.
  77. Singh, L., Saravanan, S., Jennifer, J. J., Abijith, D. 2021. "Application of multi-influence factor (MIF) technique for the identification of suitable sites for urban settlement in Tiruchirappalli City, Tamil Nadu, India". Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, 5(3), 797–823.
  78. So, J. (Jason), Chae, M., Hong, J., Youm, J., Kim, S. H., Kim, J. 2023. "Integrated Mobility Hub Location Selection for Sustainable Urban Mobility". Sustainable Cities and Society, 99(March), 104950.
  79. Steinberg, S. J., Steinberg, S. L. 2006. "GIS Data Collection and Development (Sources, Input, and Output)". In Geographic Information Systems for the Social Sciences: Investigating Space and Place. Sagepub.
  80. Taheri, K., Missimer, T. M., Taheri, M., Moayedi, H., Mohseni Pour, F. 2020. "Critical Zone Assessments of an Alluvial Aquifer System Using the Multi-influencing Factor (MIF) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Models in Western Iran". Natural Resources Research, 29(2), 1163–1191.
  81. Tan, Z., Zhen, L., Yang, Z., Liu, L., Fan, T. 2023. "Multi-period emergency vehicle fleet redistribution and dispatching". Transportmetrica A: Transport Science.
  82. Transportation and Communication. 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2022, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Ulastirma-ve-Haberlesme-112
  83. Tu, J., Wu, Z., Pedrycz, W. 2023. "Priority ranking for the best-worst method". Information Sciences, 635(January), 42–55.
  84. United States Department of Transportation. 2021. "Traffic safety facts annual report tables". Retrieved August 10, 2022, from https://cdan.dot.gov/tsftables/tsfar.htm#
  85. Wang, W., Wu, S., Wang, S., Zhen, L., Qu, X. 2021. "Emergency facility location problems in logistics: Status and perspectives". Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 154(August), 102465.
  86. Wieczorek, W. F., Delmerico, A. M. 2009. "Geographic information systems". WIREs Computational Statistics, 1(2). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.21
  87. Workshop on Crime Scene Management in Traffic Accidents. 2022. Ankara.
  88. World Bank. 2021. "The State of Emergency Medical Services in Sub-Saharan Africa". Washington DC. https://doi.org/10.1596/35175
  89. Wu, Jiabin, Lin, Y., Qi, W. 2023. "Timing co-evolutionary path optimisation method for emergency vehicles considering the safe passage". Transportmetrica A: Transport Science.
  90. Wu, Junnan, Liu, X., Pan, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Ke, K. 2023. "Research on Safety Evaluation of Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant Based on Improved Best-Worst Method and Fuzzy Comprehensive Method". Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(11).
  91. Xu, Y., Li, Y., Zheng, L., Cui, L., Li, S., Li, W., Cai, Y. 2020. "Site selection of wind farms using GIS and multi-criteria decision making method in Wafangdian, China". Energy, 207.
  92. Yadav, B., Malav, L. C., Jangir, A., Kharia, S. K., Singh, S. V., Yeasin, M., … Yadav, K. K. 2023. "Application of analytical hierarchical process, multi-influencing factor, and geospatial techniques for groundwater potential zonation in a semi-arid region of western India". Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 253(December 2022), 104122.
  93. Yang, H., Ma, Q., Wang, Z., Cai, Q., Xie, K., Yang, D. 2020. "Safety of micro-mobility: Analysis of E-Scooter crashes by mining news reports". Accident Analysis & Prevention, 143, 105608.
  94. Yeh, C. H. 2003. "The Selection of Multiattribute Decision Making Methods for Scholarship Student Selection". International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 11(4), 289–296.
  95. Yoon, S., Albert, L. A. 2021. "A Stochastic Programming Approach for Locating and Dispatching Two Types of Ambulances". Transportation Science, 55(2).
  96. Zhang, C., Du, B., Zheng, Z., Shen, J. 2023. "Space sharing between pedestrians and micro-mobility vehicles: A systematic review". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 116, 103629.
  97. URL-1, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1596/35175, 10 November 2023.
  98. URL-2, (2023. https://trafik.gov.tr/istatistikler37, 12 May 2025.
  99. URL-3, (2021). https://injuryfacts.nsc.org/motor-vehicle/road-users/emergency-vehicles/, 2 January 2024.
  100. URL-4, (2022). https://trafik.gov.tr/kurumlar/trafik.gov.tr/06-Yayinlar/Diger/Calistay-Kitabi.pdf, 29 December 2024.
  101. URL-6, (2023). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=nufus-ve-demografi-109&dil=1, 8 January 2024.
  102. URL-6, (2023). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Ulastirma-ve-Haberlesme-112, 17 January 2024.
  103. URL-7, (2021), https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/2.7/help/analysis/geostatistical-analyst/how-inverse-distance-weighted-interpolation-works.htm, 23 January 2024.
  104. URL-8, (2019), https://www.esri.com/en-us/what-is-gis/overview, 12 February 2024.