KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3

Suda Yaşlandırmanın Katman İçi Hibrit Karbon/Aramid/Elium Kompozitlerin Mod-I Kırılma Tokluğu Üzerindeki Etkisi

Influence of Water Aging on The Mode-I Fracture Toughness of Intraply Hybrid Carbon/Aramid/Elium Composites

Muhammed Hüseyin Güzel(KONYA TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-3093-3453
Gürol Önal(KONYA TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ)
Sayfa
1281–1301
Yayın Tarihi
2026-06-16
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Sonuç olarak, su yaşlandırması karbon/aramid/Elium kompozitlerinin tabakalar arası ayrılma davranışı üzerinde olumlu bir etki yapmıştır.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Bu çalışmada, termoplastik Elium matrisli karbon/aramid katman içi hibrit fiber takviyeli kompozitlerin kırılma davranışı çift ankastre kiriş testi yapılarak incelenmiştir.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Kompozitler, 6 aya kadar damıtılmış suda yaşlandırılmıştır ve yaşlandırılmamış numunelerin kırılma performansı, 2, 4 ve 6 ay boyunca yaşlandırılmış numunelerle karşılaştırılmıştır.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Sonuç olarak, su yaşlandırması karbon/aramid/Elium kompozitlerinin tabakalar arası ayrılma davranışı üzerinde olumlu bir etki yapmıştır.
🔬Tür:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Çift ankastre kiriş · Elium · Karbon/aramid

Özet

Bu çalışmada, termoplastik Elium matrisli karbon/aramid katman içi hibrit fiber takviyeli kompozitlerin kırılma davranışı çift ankastre kiriş testi yapılarak incelenmiştir. Kompozitler, 6 aya kadar damıtılmış suda yaşlandırılmıştır ve yaşlandırılmamış numunelerin kırılma performansı, 2, 4 ve 6 ay boyunca yaşlandırılmış numunelerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Yaşlandırılmamış numunelerde maksimum kuvvet ve Mod-I kırılma tokluğu sırasıyla 152,84 N ve 1131,43 J/m2 olarak bulunmuştur. Yaşlandırma sonrasında bu değerler sırasıyla %26,99 ve %32,14 artarak 194,09 N ve 1495,11 J/m2'ye ulaşmıştır. Sonuç olarak, su yaşlandırması karbon/aramid/Elium kompozitlerinin tabakalar arası ayrılma davranışı üzerinde olumlu bir etki yapmıştır. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, Elium matris hibrit kompozitlerin, suda yaşlanma sonrasında bile tabakalar arası kırılma tokluğunun artması nedeniyle, denizcilik ve otomotiv gibi zorlu ortamlarda gerçek dünya uygulamaları için umut verici bir alternatif olduğunu göstermektedir.

Abstract

In this study, the fracture behavior of carbon/aramid intraply hybrid fiber-reinforced composites with a thermoplastic Elium matrix was investigated using the double-cantilever beam test. The composites were aged in distilled water for up to 6 months, and the fracture performance of unaged samples was compared with those aged for 2, 4, and 6 months. The maximum force and Mode-I fracture toughness of unaged samples were 152.84 N and 1131.43 J/m2, respectively. After aging, these values increased by 26.99% and 32.14%, reaching 194.09 N and 1495.11 J/m2, respectively. Notably, water aging positively affected the interlaminar delamination behavior of carbon/aramid/Elium composites. The findings of this study demonstrate that Elium matrix hybrid composites are a promising alternative for real-world applications in demanding environments such as marine and automotive, as their interlaminar fracture toughness increases even after water aging.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Güzel, M. H., Önal, G. (2026). Suda Yaşlandırmanın Katman İçi Hibrit Karbon/Aramid/Elium Kompozitlerin Mod-I Kırılma Tokluğu Üzerindeki Etkisi. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 1281–1301. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1682778

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (63)

  1. Adem E., Batu T., Onal G., Wu Q. Investigation of fracture behaviour of hybrid composite materials under compact tension. Results in Engineering 2025; 25: 104616.
  2. Alejandro Rodriguez-Gonzalez J., Rubio-Gonzalez C., de Jesus Ku-Herrera J., Ramos-Galicia L., Velasco-Santos C. Effect of seawater ageing on interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber/epoxy composites containing carbon nanofillers. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 2018; 37(22): 1346-1359.
  3. Alsaadi M., Bulut M., Erklig A., Jabbar A. Nano-silica inclusion effects on mechanical and dynamic behavior of fiber reinforced carbon/kevlar with epoxy resin hybrid composites. Composites Part B: Engineering 2018; 152: 169-179.
  4. Alsaadi M., Erklig A. Mode-l interlaminar fracture of aramid and carbon fibers reinforced epoxy matrix composites at various sic particle contents. Materials Testing 2021; 63(10): 913-918.
  5. Alsaadi M., Erklig A., Abbas M. Effect of clay nanoparticles on the mechanical and vibration characteristics of intraply aramid/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite. Polymer Composites 2020; 41(7): 2704-2712.
  6. Alsaadi M., Flanagan T., Devine DM. Seawater ageing effects on the mechanical performance of basalt fibre-reinforced thermoplastic and epoxy composites. Journal of Composites Science 2025; 9(7): 368.
  7. Altaee MA., Mostafa NH. Mechanical properties of interply and intraply hybrid laminates based on jute-glass/epoxy composites. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 2023; 70(1): 121.
  8. Bandaru A., Khan AN., Durmaz T., Alagirusamy R., O'Higgins R. Improved mechanical properties of multi-layered ptfe composites through hybridisation. Construction and Building Materials 2023; 374 (2023): 130921.
  9. Bandaru AK., Hickey S., Singh D., Gujjala R., Pichandi S. Influence of hygrothermal ageing on the novel infusible thermoplastic resin reinforced with quadriaxial non-crimp glass fabrics. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 2023; 36(10): 3813-3836.
  10. Barbosa LCM., Bortoluzzi DB., Ancelotti Jr AC. Analysis of fracture toughness in mode ll and fractographic study of composites based on elium® 150 thermoplastic matrix. Composites Part B: Engineering 2019; 175: 107082.
  11. Barbosa LCM., Santos M., Oliveira TLL., Gomes GF., Ancelotti Junior AC. Effects of moisture absorption on mechanical and viscoelastic properties in liquid thermoplastic resin/carbon fiber composites. Polymer Engineering & Science 2019; 59(11): 2185-2194.
  12. Bel Haj Frej H., Léger R., Perrin D., Ienny P. Effect of aging temperature on a thermoset-like novel acrylic thermoplastic composite for marine vessels. Journal of Composite Materials 2021; 55(19): 2673-2691.
  13. Bel Haj Frej H., Léger R., Perrin D., Ienny P. A novel thermoplastic composite for marine applications: Comparison of the effects of aging on mechanical properties and diffusion mechanisms. Applied Composite Materials 2021; 28(4): 899-922.
  14. Bhudolia SK., Gohel G., Vasudevan D., Leong KF., Gerard P. Delamination behaviour and surface morphology of wholly thermoplastic composites using different ultra-high molecular weight thermoplastic fabrics with pristine and toughened elium resin under mode i loading. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2023; 164: 107273.
  15. Bhudolia SK., Perrotey P., Joshi SC. Experimental investigation on suitability of carbon fibre thin plies for racquets. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 2016; 230(2): 64-72.
  16. Bhudolia SK., Perrotey P., Joshi SC. Mode-l fracture toughness and fractographic investigation of carbon fibre composites with liquid methylmethacrylate thermoplastic matrix. Composites Part B: Engineering 2018; 134: 246-253.
  17. Bulut M., Alsaadi M., Erklig A. The effects of nanosilica and nanoclay particles inclusions on mode ll delamination, thermal and water absorption of intraply woven carbon/aramid hybrid composites. International Polymer Processing 2020; 35(4): 367-375.
  18. Cetin ME., Bastosun Y., Tatar AC., Cetin MH., Demir O., Onal G., Avc A. The effect of halloysite nanotube modification on wear behavior of carbon‐aramid fiber reinforced hybrid nanocomposites. Polymer Composites 2022; 43(1): 624-637.
  19. Chen Y., Prasad V., Yasar M., Murphy N., Ivankovic A. Enhancing interfacial performance and fracture toughness of carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2024; 187: 108434.
  20. Coskun T., Sahin OS. Effects of stacking sequence on the structural performance of composite overwrapped pressure vessels. OKU Journal of The Institute of Science and Technology 2022; 5(Special Issue): 117-134.
  21. Coskun T., Sozen B., Kapıcı S., Sahin OS. Mechanical and dynamic characteristics for the cfrp, gfrp, and hybrid composites exposed to hcl environment. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 2024; 0(0): 1-15.
  22. Das SC., Srivastava C., Goutianos S., La Rosa AD., Grammatikos S. On the response to hygrothermal ageing of fully recyclable flax and glass fibre reinforced polymer composites. Materials 2023; 16(17): 5848.
  23. Demir O., Yar A., Eskizeybek V., Avc A. Combined effect of fiber hybridization and matrix modification on mechanical properties of polymer composites. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 2023; 237(9): 1935-1951.
  24. Deniz ME., Karakuzu R. Effect of hybridization type, hole-distance and number of holes on the resistance of intraply hybrid composite plates against multiple impact. Materials Testing 2025; 67(4): 690-702.
  25. Devine M., Bajpai A., Obande W., Brádaigh CMÓ., Ray D. Seawater ageing of thermoplastic acrylic hybrid matrix composites for marine applications. Composites Part B: Engineering 2023; 263: 110879.
  26. Dharmavarapu P., MBS SR. Aramid fibre as potential reinforcement for polymer matrix composites: A review. Emergent Materials 2022; 5(5): 1561-1578.
  27. Duan Q., Hu H., Cao D., Cai W., Li S. A new mechanism based cohesive zone model for mode i delamination coupled with fiber bridging of composite laminates. Composite Structures 2024; 332: 117931.
  28. Guzel MH. Effect of different temperatures and water aging on the mechanical properties of aramid/carbon reinforced elium matrix composites. Konya Technical University Institute of Graduate Studies PhD thesis, Page:28, Konya, Türkiye, 2025.
  29. Han N., Baran I., Zanjani JSM., Yuksel O., An L., Akkerman R. Experimental and computational analysis of the polymerization overheating in thick glass/elium® acrylic thermoplastic resin composites. Composites Part B: Engineering 2020; 202: 108430.
  30. Han N., Yuksel O., Zanjani JSM., An L., Akkerman R., Baran I. Experimental investigation of the interlaminar failure of glass/elium® thermoplastic composites manufactured with different processing temperatures. Applied Composite Materials 2022; 29(3): 1061-1082.
  31. Huang C., Norton M., Joosten MW. Investigation of pseudo-ductile behaviour in 3d printed glass/carbon composites using interply and intraply hybridisation. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2025: 109118.
  32. Hussnain S., Shah S., Megat‐Yusoff P., Choudhry R., Hussain M. Hygrothermal effects on the durability of resin‐infused thermoplastic e‐glass fiber‐reinforced composites in marine environment. Polymer Composites 2024; 45(15): 13901-13923.
  33. Karacor B., Akar MA., Ozcanli M., Serin H., Bas O. Feasibility of a composite material formed with a waste granular rubber tire on racing vehicle aerodynamic wings. OKU Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 2020; 3(2): 97-102.
  34. Kaybal HB., Ulus H. Comparative analysis of thermoplastic and thermoset adhesives performance and the influence on failure analysis in jointed elium‐based composite structures. Polymer Composites 2024; 45(4): 3474-3492.
  35. Khan T., Irfan M., Cantwell W., Umer R. Crack healing in infusible thermoplastic composite laminates. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2022; 156: 106896.
  36. Kim JH., Song BK., Song JH., Min KJ. Control of mechanical properties of frp (fiber-reinforced plastic) via arrangement of high-strength/high-ductility fiber in a blended fabric. Materials 2023; 16(14): 5001.
  37. Kim SC., Kim JS., Yoon HJ. Experimental and numerical investigations of mode-l delamination behaviors of woven fabric composites with carbon, kevlar and their hybrid fibers. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing 2011; 12: 321-329.
  38. Kumar V., Elen M., Sushmita K., Overman NR., Nickerson E., Murdy P., Presuel‐Moreno F., Fifield LS. Hygrothermal aging and recycling effects on mechanical and thermal properties of recyclable thermoplastic glass fiber composites. Polymer Composites 2024.
  39. Liu C., He C., Zou Z., Li Y. Study on mode i interlaminar fracture behavior of automated fiber placement in situ consolidation thermoplastic composite considering the influence of roller compaction pressure. Polymer Composites 2025; 46(2): 1454-1468.
  40. Meninno C., Chalivendra V. Damage detection in intra-ply glass/carbon laminated composites under mode-i and mode-ii fracture loadings. Composites Part B: Engineering 2021; 218: 108924.
  41. Mohamad A., Flanagan T., Devine DM. Seawater ageing effects on the mechanical performance of basalt fibre-reinforced thermoplastic and epoxy composites. Journal of Composites Science 2025; 9(7): 368.
  42. Obande W., Mamalis D., Ray D., Yang L., Brádaigh CMÓ. Mechanical and thermomechanical characterisation of vacuum-infused thermoplastic-and thermoset-based composites. Materials & Design 2019; 175: 107828.
  43. Pietras D., Aliha M., Kucheki HG., Sadowski T. Tensile and tear-type fracture toughness of gypsum material: Direct and indirect testing methods. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2023; 15(7): 1777-1796.
  44. Pincheira G., Canales C., Medina C., Fernández E., Flores P. Influence of aramid fibers on the mechanical behavior of a hybrid carbon–aramid–reinforced epoxy composite. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 2018; 232(1): 58-66.
  45. Qi Z., Cai Da., Zhang N., Long L., Zhou G. Experimental and numerical study on the mechanical properties of carbon/aramid intralayer hybrid composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 2024; 43(11-12): 657-670.
  46. Quanjin M., Salim M., Rejab M., Bernhardi OE., Nasution AY. Quasi-static crushing response of square hybrid carbon/aramid tube for automotive crash box application. Materials Today: Proceedings 2020; 27: 683-690.
  47. Rajasekar R., Asokan R., Santulli C., Pavlovic A., Fragassa C. The effect of fibre bridging on mode l interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon-aramid/epoxy intra-ply hybrid laminates. Tribology in Industry 2019; 41(1): 64-75.
  48. Rodriguez-Gonzalez JA., Rubio-González C. Seawater effects on interlaminar fracture toughness of glass fiber/epoxy laminates modified with multiwall carbon nanotubes. Journal of Composite Materials 2021; 55(3): 387-400.
  49. Sebaey T., Wagih A. Flexural properties of notched carbon–aramid hybrid composite laminates. Journal of Composite Materials 2019; 53(28-30): 4137-4148.
  50. Sozen B., Coskun T., Kapici S., Sahin OS. Comparison of the dynamic characteristics of gfrp, cfrp, and hybrid composites subjected to repeated low‐velocity impact. Polymer Composites 2024; 45(17): 15941-15953.
  51. Sukur EF., Kocaman S., Onal G. Mechanical, tribological and thermal properties of epoxy based phenolic nanocomposites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelet. Trans Mech Eng 2020; 6: 21-27.
  52. Sukur EF., Onal G. Long-term salt-water durability of gnps reinforced basalt-epoxy multiscale composites for marine applications. Tribology International 2021; 158: 106910.
  53. Ulus H., Kaybal HB., Cacık F., Eskizeybek V., Avci A. Fracture and dynamic mechanical analysis of seawater aged aluminum-bfrp hybrid adhesive joints. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 2022; 268: 108507.
  54. Ulus H., Kaybal HB., Eskizeybek V., Avci A. Enhanced salty water durability of halloysite nanotube reinforced epoxy/basalt fiber hybrid composites. Fibers and Polymers 2019; 20: 2184-2199.
  55. Unal H., Yetgin SH., Unal VF. Determination of mechanical performance and microstructural properties of glass fiber/epdm/polyamide-6 composites. OKU Journal of The Institute of Science and Technology 2022; 5(3): 1216-1229.
  56. Williams A., Hamerton I., Allegri G. Environmental effects of moisture and elevated temperatures on the mode i and mode ii interlaminar fracture toughness of a toughened epoxy carbon fibre reinforced polymer. Polymers 2025; 17(11): 1503.
  57. Xu K., Liu L., Zhi J., Chen W., Tay T. Hygrothermal effects on ballistic behavior of toughened cfrp laminates. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 2024; 280: 109531.
  58. Yalcin F., Ozcanli M., Karacor B. Investigation of the use of hybrid composite materials formed using two different resins in vehicle bumpers. OKU Journal of The Institute of Science and Technology 2024; 7(2): 751-766.
  59. Yildirim F., Tatar AC., Eskizeybek V., Avci A., Aydin M. Impact response of nanoparticle reinforced 3d woven spacer/epoxy composites at cryogenic temperatures. Journal of Composite Materials 2021; 55(28): 4231-4244.
  60. Yin HF., Zhou W., Zhang PF., Ma LH. Flexural progressive damage and failure behavior of carbon-aramid/epoxy hybrid woven composites. Journal of Composite Materials 2021; 55(7): 937-948.
  61. Zhou Y., Cao Y., Cao J., Zhang C., Li J., Wang Z. Fracture toughness and fiber bridging mechanism for mode-i interlaminar failure of spread-tow woven composites. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 2024; 298: 109957.
  62. Zhu L., Bi R., Li W., Obara E., Cai P., Huang S., Luo C., Bao J. Aging performance and mechanism of carbon fiber-reinforced bismaleamide composites under natural aging in marine environments. Materials Today Communications 2024; 41: 110796.
  63. Guzel MH. Effect of different temperatures and water aging on the mechanical properties of aramid/carbon reinforced elium matrix composites. Konya Technical University Institute of Graduate Studies PhD thesis, Page:28, Konya, Türkiye, 2025.