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Dergiler / Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry / 2026 / Issue: 2026-1

Synthesis of Dithizone (DHZ) Derivative and Its Use as Ionophore in the Potentiometric Determination of Pb²⁺ Ions

İlyas Yıldız(GAZİOSMANPAŞA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, FEN-EDEBİYAT FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-1254-1069
Sayfa
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Yayın Tarihi
2026-01-15
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The experimental results showed that the developed Di-DHZ-based potentiometric sensor provides reliable, selective, and accurate detection of lead ions across various solution environments.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

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Amaç & Hipotez:In this study, a dithizone (Di-DHZ) derivative was synthesized, characterized by UV-Vis analysis, used as an ionophore in a potentiometric sensor, and selectively used in Pb2+ ion detection.
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Temel Bulgular & Veri:Then, Di-DHZ was incorporated into the membrane.
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Sonuç & Katkı:The experimental results showed that the developed Di-DHZ-based potentiometric sensor provides reliable, selective, and accurate detection of lead ions across various solution environments.
🔬Tür:Research Article
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Di-dithizone · Potentiometric sensor · Pb²⁺ ion detection

Abstract

In this study, a dithizone (Di-DHZ) derivative was synthesized, characterized by UV-Vis analysis, used as an ionophore in a potentiometric sensor, and selectively used in Pb2+ ion detection. Di-DHZ compound was synthesized by the reaction of dithizone and iodine in dichloromethane. In UV analyses, distinct bathochromic shifts and complex formations were observed, indicating the formation of dithizone (Di-DHZ). To test the effectiveness of potentiometric synchronization, a PVC membrane containing various plasticizers (DBP, DEHA, BEHS) and KTpClPB as additives was developed. Then, Di-DHZ was incorporated into the membrane. The developed sensor exhibited a Nernstian slope of -27.64 mV/decade, a wide linear range (1.0×10⁻⁵–1.0×10⁻¹ mol/L), and a correlation coefficient of R² = 0.9995. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated as 7.59×10⁻9 mol/L and 5.59×10⁻8 LOQ, respectively. The electrode exhibited high selectivity towards Pb²⁺ among interfering ions, including Cd²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Li⁺. A stable potential response was observed across the pH range 4.0-8.0, with optimal performance at near-neutral conditions. The applicability of the sensor was confirmed through EDTA titration and recovery studies using real samples (peach, apricot, and tap water), providing satisfactory recovery rates (93.5-99.6%) and low relative standard deviations (RSD < 0.02%). The experimental results showed that the developed Di-DHZ-based potentiometric sensor provides reliable, selective, and accurate detection of lead ions across various solution environments.

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Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Yıldız, İ. (2026). Synthesis of Dithizone (DHZ) Derivative and Its Use as Ionophore in the Potentiometric Determination of Pb²⁺ Ions. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, Issue: 2026-1. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1797323

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Kaynakça (54)

  1. Sedghi R, Heidari B, Javadi H, Sayyari N. Design and synthesis of colorimetric sensor based on dithizone@TiO2/poly (tert-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid) nanocomposite for fast visual detection of mercury, lead and cadmium ions in aqueous media. Environ Nanotechnology, Monit Manag [Internet]. 2022 Dec 1;18:100670. Available from:.
  2. Abbaspour A, Izadyar A. Highly selective electrode for nickel (II) ion based on 1.5-diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone). Microchem J [Internet]. 2001 May 1;69(1):7–11. Available from:.
  3. Xia RZ, Cai X, Liang B, Dai HH, Liu YZ, Yang M, et al. Bimodal interferences of Pb(II) induced by parallel deposition in Pb(II)-Cu(II) electrochemical detections: Voltammetric signals analysis combined with numerical simulations on transient interfacial phenomena. J Hazard Mater [Internet]. 2023 Oct 5;459:132104. Available from:.
  4. Papanikolaou NC, Hatzidaki EG, Belivanis S, Tzanakakis GN, Tsatsakis AM. Lead toxicity update. A brief review. Med Sci Monit [Internet]. 2005;11(10):RA329–36. Available from:.
  5. Arham Z, Kurniawan K, Anhusadar L. High electrochemical response of TiO2@C-dots nanocomposites as electrode modifiers for Pb (II) detection. Mater Sci Semicond Process [Internet]. 2023 Jun 15;160:107466. Available from:.
  6. Mortada WI, Nabieh KA, Helmy TE, Abou El-Reash YG. Microwave-assisted synthesis of MCM-41 composite with rice husk and its functionalization by dithizone for preconcentration of some metal ions from water and food samples. J Food Compos Anal [Internet]. 2022 Mar 1;106:104352. Available from:.
  7. do Nascimento FH, Masini JC. Porous-polymer monolith decorated with dithizone for greener visual and spectrophotometric sensing of Hg(II). Sensors Actuators B Chem [Internet]. 2023 Apr 15;381:133385. Available from:.
  8. Zhang H, Li L, Wang C, Liu Q, Chen WT, Gao S, et al. Recent advances in designable nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for environmental heavy-metal detection. Nanoscale [Internet]. 2025 Jan 29;17(5):2386–407. Available from:.
  9. Isildak O, Yildiz I. Highly selective potentiometric determination of nitrate ions using silver bisdiethyldithiocarbamate based membrane electrodes. Electrochim Acta [Internet]. 2023 Aug 10;459:142587. Available from:.
  10. Dewi IR, Rujiralai T, Putson C, Cheewasedtham W. A novel double metal-dithizone functionalized polyurethane electrospun nanofiber and film for colorimetric determination of hexavalent chromium. RSC Adv [Internet]. 2023;13(5):2852–9. Available from:.
  11. Halili J, Berisha A. An experimental and theoretical analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions in the form of dithizone bidentate complexes. Turkish J Chem [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1;46(3):721–9. Available from:.
  12. Math KS, Fernando Q, Freiser H. Formation constants of nickel(II) and zinc(II) complexes of dithizone and related compounds. Anal Chem [Internet]. 1964 Aug 1;36(9):1762–7. Available from:.
  13. von Eschwege KG, Conradie J, Kuhn A. Dithizone and its oxidation products: A DFT, spectroscopic, and X-ray structural study. J Phys Chem A [Internet]. 2011 Dec 29;115(51):14637–46. Available from:.
  14. Wang B, Chen J, Tong H, Huang Y, Liu B, Yang X, et al. Simultaneous electrochemical detection of Cd (II) and Pb (II) based on L-cysteine functionalized gold nanoparticles/metal-organic frameworks-graphene oxide nanocomposites. J Electroanal Chem [Internet]. 2023 Aug 15;943:117573. Available from:.
  15. Srisung S, Wasukan N, Kuno M, Somsri S, Tanjedrew N. Raman enhanced scattering and DFT studies on the adsorption behaviour of dithizone on silver nanoparticle. Inorg Chem Commun [Internet]. 2021 Apr 1;126:108480. Available from:.
  16. Huda BN, Wahyuni ET, Mudasir M. Simultaneous adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in the presence of Mg(II) ion using eco-friendly immobilized dithizone on coal bottom ash. South African J Chem Eng [Internet]. 2023 Jul 1;45:315–27. Available from:.
  17. Isildak Ö, Özbek O, Yildiz I, Senocak A. Selective determination of Cr(III) ions with novel potentiometric electrodes. J Chinese Chem Soc [Internet]. 2023 Sep 16;70(9):1814–20. Available from:.
  18. von Eschwege KG, Swarts JC. Chemical and electrochemical oxidation and reduction of dithizone. Polyhedron [Internet]. 2010 May 10;29(7):1727–33. Available from:.
  19. Buck RP, Lindner E. Recommendations for nomenclature of ionselective electrodes. Pure Appl Chem [Internet]. 1994 Jan 1;66(12):2527–36. Available from:.
  20. Bühlmann P, Umezawa Y, Rondinini S, Vertova A, Pigliucci A, Bertesago L. Lifetime of ion-selective electrodes based on charged ionophores. Anal Chem [Internet]. 2000 Apr 1;72(8):1843–52. Available from:.
  21. Isildak O, Yildiz I, Erenler R, Dag B, Isildak I. Hg(II) ion-selective electrodes with PVC membranes based on Bis-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one. Bull Chem Soc Jpn [Internet]. 2022 Feb 15;95(2):353–8. Available from:.
  22. Mohammad BG, Maryam G, Mohammad J. Hydrogen ion selective poly (vinyl chloride) membrane electrode based on 2, 2’-N, N’-bis (salicylaldimino) azobenzene. 2009 Jan 1;2(1):69–78. Available from:.
  23. Çıtlakoğlu M, Yolcu Z. Dinuclear Pb(II) monomer complex: Synthesis, characterization, and application of Pb(II) ion-imprinted polymer as a selective potentiometric microsensor. Polyhedron [Internet]. 2023 Oct 1;243:116539. Available from:.
  24. Kumar S, Singh PP, Arya AK, Sur D, Kaushal S. SnO2/SnSbP nanocomposite–based ion-selective electrode for the trace level sensing of Pb2+ ions in waste water samples. Ionics (Kiel) [Internet]. 2025 May 31;31(5):5055–66. Available from:.
  25. Li XG, Feng H, Huang MR, Gu GL, Moloney MG. Ultrasensitive Pb(II) potentiometric sensor based on copolyaniline nanoparticles in a plasticizer-free membrane with a long lifetime. Anal Chem [Internet]. 2012 Jan 3;84(1):134–40. Available from:.
  26. Ghaedi M, Montazerozohori M, Andikaey Z, Shokrollahi A, Khodadoust S, Behfar M, et al. Fabrication of Pb2+ ion selective electrode based on 1-((3-((2-Hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)Methyleneamino)-2,2-Dimethylpropylimino) Methyl) Naphthalen-2-ol as new neutral ionophore. Int J Electrochem Sci [Internet]. 2011 Sep 1;6(9):4127–40. Available from:.
  27. Özbek O. A novel potentiometric sensor for the determination of Pb(II) ions based on a carbothioamide derivative in PVC matrix. J Turkish Chem Soc Sect A Chem [Internet]. 2022 Aug 31;9(3):651–62. Available from:.
  28. Sedghi R, Heidari B, Javadi H, Sayyari N. Design and synthesis of colorimetric sensor based on dithizone@TiO2/poly (tert-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid) nanocomposite for fast visual detection of mercury, lead and cadmium ions in aqueous media. Environ Nanotechnology, Monit Manag [Internet]. 2022 Dec 1;18:100670. Available from:.
  29. Abbaspour A, Izadyar A. Highly selective electrode for nickel (II) ion based on 1.5-diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone). Microchem J [Internet]. 2001 May 1;69(1):7–11. Available from:.
  30. Xia RZ, Cai X, Liang B, Dai HH, Liu YZ, Yang M, et al. Bimodal interferences of Pb(II) induced by parallel deposition in Pb(II)-Cu(II) electrochemical detections: Voltammetric signals analysis combined with numerical simulations on transient interfacial phenomena. J Hazard Mater [Internet]. 2023 Oct 5;459:132104. Available from:.
  31. Papanikolaou NC, Hatzidaki EG, Belivanis S, Tzanakakis GN, Tsatsakis AM. Lead toxicity update. A brief review. Med Sci Monit [Internet]. 2005;11(10):RA329–36. Available from:.
  32. Arham Z, Kurniawan K, Anhusadar L. High electrochemical response of TiO2@C-dots nanocomposites as electrode modifiers for Pb (II) detection. Mater Sci Semicond Process [Internet]. 2023 Jun 15;160:107466. Available from:.
  33. Mortada WI, Nabieh KA, Helmy TE, Abou El-Reash YG. Microwave-assisted synthesis of MCM-41 composite with rice husk and its functionalization by dithizone for preconcentration of some metal ions from water and food samples. J Food Compos Anal [Internet]. 2022 Mar 1;106:104352. Available from:.
  34. do Nascimento FH, Masini JC. Porous-polymer monolith decorated with dithizone for greener visual and spectrophotometric sensing of Hg(II). Sensors Actuators B Chem [Internet]. 2023 Apr 15;381:133385. Available from:.
  35. Zhang H, Li L, Wang C, Liu Q, Chen WT, Gao S, et al. Recent advances in designable nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for environmental heavy-metal detection. Nanoscale [Internet]. 2025 Jan 29;17(5):2386–407. Available from:.
  36. Isildak O, Yildiz I. Highly selective potentiometric determination of nitrate ions using silver bisdiethyldithiocarbamate based membrane electrodes. Electrochim Acta [Internet]. 2023 Aug 10;459:142587. Available from:.
  37. Dewi IR, Rujiralai T, Putson C, Cheewasedtham W. A novel double metal-dithizone functionalized polyurethane electrospun nanofiber and film for colorimetric determination of hexavalent chromium. RSC Adv [Internet]. 2023;13(5):2852–9. Available from:.
  38. Halili J, Berisha A. An experimental and theoretical analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions in the form of dithizone bidentate complexes. Turkish J Chem [Internet]. 2022 Jan 1;46(3):721–9. Available from:.
  39. Math KS, Fernando Q, Freiser H. Formation constants of nickel(II) and zinc(II) complexes of dithizone and related compounds. Anal Chem [Internet]. 1964 Aug 1;36(9):1762–7. Available from:.
  40. von Eschwege KG, Conradie J, Kuhn A. Dithizone and its oxidation products: A DFT, spectroscopic, and X-ray structural study. J Phys Chem A [Internet]. 2011 Dec 29;115(51):14637–46. Available from:.
  41. Wang B, Chen J, Tong H, Huang Y, Liu B, Yang X, et al. Simultaneous electrochemical detection of Cd (II) and Pb (II) based on L-cysteine functionalized gold nanoparticles/metal-organic frameworks-graphene oxide nanocomposites. J Electroanal Chem [Internet]. 2023 Aug 15;943:117573. Available from:.
  42. Srisung S, Wasukan N, Kuno M, Somsri S, Tanjedrew N. Raman enhanced scattering and DFT studies on the adsorption behaviour of dithizone on silver nanoparticle. Inorg Chem Commun [Internet]. 2021 Apr 1;126:108480. Available from:.
  43. Huda BN, Wahyuni ET, Mudasir M. Simultaneous adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in the presence of Mg(II) ion using eco-friendly immobilized dithizone on coal bottom ash. South African J Chem Eng [Internet]. 2023 Jul 1;45:315–27. Available from:.
  44. Isildak Ö, Özbek O, Yildiz I, Senocak A. Selective determination of Cr(III) ions with novel potentiometric electrodes. J Chinese Chem Soc [Internet]. 2023 Sep 16;70(9):1814–20. Available from:.
  45. von Eschwege KG, Swarts JC. Chemical and electrochemical oxidation and reduction of dithizone. Polyhedron [Internet]. 2010 May 10;29(7):1727–33. Available from:.
  46. Buck RP, Lindner E. Recommendations for nomenclature of ionselective electrodes. Pure Appl Chem [Internet]. 1994 Jan 1;66(12):2527–36. Available from:.
  47. Bühlmann P, Umezawa Y, Rondinini S, Vertova A, Pigliucci A, Bertesago L. Lifetime of ion-selective electrodes based on charged ionophores. Anal Chem [Internet]. 2000 Apr 1;72(8):1843–52. Available from:.
  48. Isildak O, Yildiz I, Erenler R, Dag B, Isildak I. Hg(II) ion-selective electrodes with PVC membranes based on Bis-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one. Bull Chem Soc Jpn [Internet]. 2022 Feb 15;95(2):353–8. Available from:.
  49. Mohammad BG, Maryam G, Mohammad J. Hydrogen ion selective poly (vinyl chloride) membrane electrode based on 2, 2’-N, N’-bis (salicylaldimino) azobenzene. 2009 Jan 1;2(1):69–78. Available from:.
  50. Çıtlakoğlu M, Yolcu Z. Dinuclear Pb(II) monomer complex: Synthesis, characterization, and application of Pb(II) ion-imprinted polymer as a selective potentiometric microsensor. Polyhedron [Internet]. 2023 Oct 1;243:116539. Available from:.
  51. Kumar S, Singh PP, Arya AK, Sur D, Kaushal S. SnO2/SnSbP nanocomposite–based ion-selective electrode for the trace level sensing of Pb2+ ions in waste water samples. Ionics (Kiel) [Internet]. 2025 May 31;31(5):5055–66. Available from:.
  52. Li XG, Feng H, Huang MR, Gu GL, Moloney MG. Ultrasensitive Pb(II) potentiometric sensor based on copolyaniline nanoparticles in a plasticizer-free membrane with a long lifetime. Anal Chem [Internet]. 2012 Jan 3;84(1):134–40. Available from:.
  53. Ghaedi M, Montazerozohori M, Andikaey Z, Shokrollahi A, Khodadoust S, Behfar M, et al. Fabrication of Pb2+ ion selective electrode based on 1-((3-((2-Hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)Methyleneamino)-2,2-Dimethylpropylimino) Methyl) Naphthalen-2-ol as new neutral ionophore. Int J Electrochem Sci [Internet]. 2011 Sep 1;6(9):4127–40. Available from:.
  54. Özbek O. A novel potentiometric sensor for the determination of Pb(II) ions based on a carbothioamide derivative in PVC matrix. J Turkish Chem Soc Sect A Chem [Internet]. 2022 Aug 31;9(3):651–62. Available from:.